Are you intending to purchase property? Do you have a property registration related question? If so, feel free to post it below. What are the documents required for land registration? What is registration of property? Are property deeds public record? How long does it take for a bond to be Continue Reading
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Rule 43 Application – Maintenance Pendente Lite – High Court – Cape Town
Whilst you are in the process of divorcing your spouse, you may require the Western Cape High Court to assist you with regard to maintenance, or contact with your child. You may want the Court to Order t your spouse pays a portion of your legal fees, as well. This can all be done while the divorce is still pending. In the High Court, the court procedure to follow is outlined in its Uniform Rule 43. That is where the term “Rule 43 Applications” come from.Family Law Questions and Answers
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Divorces – Questions and Answers
Child Custody – Questions and Answers
Child Maintenance – Question and Answers
Domestic Violence – Questions and Answers
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Below was provide you with the entire rule 43, as well with an example of the Notice when making use of the rule.The entire rule 43 is as follows:
43 Matrimonial Matters (1) This rule shall apply whenever a spouse seeks relief from the court in respect of one or more of the following matters: (a) Maintenance pendente lite; (b) a contribution towards the cost s of a pending matrimonial action; (c) interim custody of any child; (d) interim access to any child. (2) The applicant shall deliver a sworn statement in the nature of a declaration, setting out the relief claimed and the grounds therefor, together with a notice to the respondent as near as may be in accordance with Form 17 of the First Schedule. The statement and notice shall be signed by the applicant or his attorney and shall give an address for service within eight kilometres of the office of the registrar, and shall be served by the sheriff. (3) The respondent shall within ten days after receiving the statement deliver a sworn reply in the nature of a plea, signed and giving an address as aforesaid, in default of which he shall be ipso facto barred. (4) As soon as possible thereafter the registrar shall bring the matter before the court for summary hearing, on ten days’ notice to the parties, unless the respondent is in default. (5) The court may hear such evidence as it considers necessary and may dismiss the application or make such order as it thinks fit to ensure a just and expeditious decision. (6) The court may, on the same procedure, vary its decision in the event of a material change taking place in the circumstances of either party or a child, or the contribution towards costs proving inadequate. How does it work
In short, you or your attorney would file an Affidavit with a Notice outlining in concise form, what you require. Then the other party would respond. The documents should be simple and straight to the point. The idea is to provide enough information for the court to make a quick decision. Now let’s look at an example of a rule 43 Notice used in the High Court.An Example of a Rule 43 Notice
Below is an example of a Rule 43 Notice dealing with contact rights.IN THE HIGH COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
(WESTERN CAPE DIVISION, CAPE TOWN) CASE NO: In the matter between: JOHN SMITH Applicant and JANE SMITH Respondent NOTICE OF APPLICATION IN TERMS OF RULE 43
TO THE ABOVE MENTIONED RESPONDENT MADAM TAKE NOTICE that the abovementioned Applicant claims from the Respondent the following, pendente lite:- The minor child shall reside primarily with the Applicant who shall be her primary caregiver; and
- The Respondent shall have reasonable contact with the minor child as follows:
- Every alternative weekend, commencing from the Friday until the Sunday. The collecting and drop-off times shall be agreed to by the Parties in advance, which may vary from time to time;
- Equal sharing of long and short school holidays, in that the minor child shall reside one half with the Applicant and the other with the Respondent which shall alternate each year;
- The Applicant and/or the Respondent, as the case may be, shall further have contact with the minor child on the following days for 3 (three) hours notwithstanding in whose care the minor child is in on those days:
- Christmas Day;
- The minor child’s birthday;
- Father’s day and Mother’s Day; and
- The Parties’ birthday.
- The Parties shall have telephonic contact with the minor child on a regular basis whilst the minor child is in the other’s care;
- Notwithstanding the above, the Parties shall have reasonable contact with the minor child at all times, provided that any additional contact shall be arranged telephonically and shall only take place by prior arrangement and consensus between the Parties; and
- The Parties shall respect each other’s privacy and shall not enter each other’s homes at any time without prior invitation, whether for the purpose of fetching or returning the minor child or any other reason whatsoever.
- JOINT DECISION MAKING
- The Parties shall make joint decisions about the following aspects of the minor child’s life:
- Major decisions about the minor child’s schooling and tertiary education;
- Major decisions about the minor child’s physical care, mental health care and medical care;
- Major decisions about the minor child’s religious and spiritual upbringing;
- Decisions about the minor child’s residence both within and outside the Cape Peninsula;
- Decisions which are likely to significantly change the minor child’s living conditions or to have an adverse effect on her well-being; and
- Decisions which affect the minor child’s everyday care and daily routine shall be made by the party in whose care the minor child is in at the relevant time.
- Costs of this Application if opposed; and
- Further and/or alternative relief.
TAKE NOTICE FURTHER that if you intend to defend this claim you must, within in 10 (ten) days, file a reply with the Registrar of this Honourable Court, Keerom Street, Cape Town, giving an address for service as referred to in rule 6(5)(b), and serve a copy on the Applicant’s attorneys. If you do not do these things, you will automatically be barred from defending and judgment may be given against you as claimed. Your reply must indicate what allegations in the Applicant’s statement you admit or deny and must concisely set out your defence. TAKE NOTICE FURTHER that the affidavit of JOHN SMITH (the Applicant) annexed hereto with confirmatory affidavits shall be used in support of this application. DATED AT SIGNED AT CAPE TOWN THIS___DAY OF __________________2018. —————————————— ABC Attorneys _____________________ Per.: TO: THE REGISTRAR HIGH COURT CAPE TOWN AND TO: JANE SMITH (RESPONDENT) Working at: XX WESTERN CAPE c/o AND TO: THE OFFICE OF THE FAMILY ADVOCATE CAPE TOWN ______________________o0o____________________ Do you need a lawyer or attorney?
It is always advisable to make use of a lawyer or an attorney when litigating in the High Court, or any court for that matter. However, sometimes the issue of costs comes into play. If however, you cannot afford the services of an attorney, we advise that you still proceed with the application.
- Every alternative weekend, commencing from the Friday until the Sunday. The collecting and drop-off times shall be agreed to by the Parties in advance, which may vary from time to time;
- Equal sharing of long and short school holidays, in that the minor child shall reside one half with the Applicant and the other with the Respondent which shall alternate each year;
- The Applicant and/or the Respondent, as the case may be, shall further have contact with the minor child on the following days for 3 (three) hours notwithstanding in whose care the minor child is in on those days:
- Christmas Day;
- The minor child’s birthday;
- Father’s day and Mother’s Day; and
- The Parties’ birthday.
- The Parties shall make joint decisions about the following aspects of the minor child’s life:
- Major decisions about the minor child’s schooling and tertiary education;
- Major decisions about the minor child’s physical care, mental health care and medical care;
- Major decisions about the minor child’s religious and spiritual upbringing;
- Decisions about the minor child’s residence both within and outside the Cape Peninsula;
- Decisions which are likely to significantly change the minor child’s living conditions or to have an adverse effect on her well-being; and
- Decisions which affect the minor child’s everyday care and daily routine shall be made by the party in whose care the minor child is in at the relevant time.
Rule 43 Application – Maintenance Pendente Lite – High Court – Cape Town Whilst you are in the process of divorcing your spouse, you may require the Western Cape High Court to assist you with regard to maintenance, or contact with your child. You may want the Court to Order Continue Reading
Child custody, guardianship and visitation (parental responsibilities and rights) – What do I need to know should I be going through a divorce or separation?
Although it is not ideal, it often happens that parents divorce or break up. Their romantic or spousal relationship may have come to an end, but their co-parenting relationship continues if they have a child together. They need to be the best co-parents possible for their child. This should be the case despite their failed marriage or relationship. [caption id="attachment_8203" align="alignleft" width="300"]
The child in the middle. Child Custody disputes between parents, involving the child.[/caption]
Sadly, sometimes the civility the parents had for each other does not transcend beyond their divorce or separation. Some parents in this situation have unresolved issues. It then often happens that the child becomes a victim of the conflict that ensures. They often use the child as a pawn to settle unresolved differences. This situation is not in the child’s best interest. What follows are five things that parents should know when it comes to a divorce or separation. This is especially important if there are young children involved. [caption id="attachment_8198" align="alignleft" width="300"]
It is often the child who gets hurt the most in child custody disputes.[/caption]Number 1: The Child’s best interests are of paramount importance.
In all matters concerning a child, his or her best interests are of paramount importance. Therefore, the law does not focus on what is best for the parents. However, the court would have to be reasonable and fair. All relevant facts must be looked at.
A parent, therefore, cannot demand that he or she has custody over the child notwithstanding the fact, that the child would be prejudiced if that happens. For example, the child would have to leave his or her current school and enrol in a new school in the middle of the academic year. The same applies to child maintenance. It does not mean that because you are paying for all the child’s expenses that you can demand when and how you wish to spend time with the child. [caption id="attachment_8201" align="alignleft" width="300"]
It is always best to speak to a professional lawyer or childcare expert in custody matters.[/caption] The sad reality is that when parents are embroiled in conflict, they are blinded from what is in the child’s best interests. They focus on what is seemingly best for them. Often, it is to win. Or get more than the other party. Therefore, the parent with the most money would employ the best of lawyers, just to show the other parent. Most times, the child loses out.Number 2: Know your parental responsibilities and rights – Well
This one is mostly for fathers. Long gone are the days where it is assumed that only a mother can care for a child. Often the courts’ award custody or primary care to the father. The bottom line is; what is best for the child. Therefore, in a given scenario, if the mother is the one who worked from morning to dusk and the father was the one who took the child to school, collected her and attended to her homework, then in such a case, he may be awarded primary care or custody. If, however, the mother was the one who works but cared for the child since birth, she may be awarded custody.Number 3: Don’t rush to the courts of law – This should be your last option
[caption id="attachment_8199" align="alignleft" width="300"]
The High Court and Children’s Court should be the last place you should find yourself in when dealing with child custody issues.[/caption]
At the first sign of trouble, do not rush to the court. Here we refer to the Children’s Court or the High Court, concerning parental responsibilities and rights. First, try to mediate the issue. Both parents should try to meet with a social worker or family counsellor in trying to resolve issues. It is better for the parents to come up with a workable parenting plan than for the court to enforce one on them.Number 4: Understand that there are now two households – The child cannot be divided into two.
When parents live together with a child, there is only one household. Therefore, parents will see the child every day. They would share in the child’s care, as well as his or her expenses. Spending the same time with the child after separation would be impossible. The child would have to live primarily in one home, and occasionally in the other. The focus must be in what is in the child’s best interest and not the parents. This is a reality the parents must accept and which the courts would impose. [caption id="attachment_8200" align="alignleft" width="300"]
For the sake of the minor child, try hard to resolve child custody disputes when it comes to divorce or separation.[/caption] Therefore, when divorcing or separating, try to work out together a workable parenting plan. As both parents have different work schedules and commitments, it is possible to come to a workable agreement. The parents can rotate who takes and collects the child from school. They may want to do the same when it comes to extramural activities over the weekend as well. Regular telephonic and video (Skype, WhatsApp or FaceTime) contact are encouraged. This would ensure regular contact.Number 5: Make use of a facilitator – A third party can assist the parties to see clearly for the sake of the child.
Parents don’t need to rush to court every time there is a dispute regarding the child. This practice can become very exhausting and expensive. They should appoint a facilitator to assist them in resolving the dispute. For example, should there be a wedding in the father’s family during the weekend of the mother, then if the parties cannot resolve the issue, they need to first see a professional third party [caption id="attachment_8202" align="alignleft" width="300"]
Consider the child before considering yourself in child custody disputes.[/caption] The facilitator would usually be a social worker, psychologist or even a lawyer. However, the facilitator would have to be experienced in family law and related matters to be of much worth. Either way, having a third party assist the parents in resolving the issue is always useful. It would also help them save a lot of money by avoiding litigation.
We are certain that you found the above article useful and interesting. Please consider sharing it on the share buttons below. They include Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, WhatsApp, Gmail and more. Someone may find it useful as well. [caption id="attachment_8204" align="alignleft" width="300"]
Speak to a child custody lawyer, or legal professional to assist you in resolving your parental legal matters.[/caption] Should you require business advice or services, feel free to click on these links: Business SA | Private Legal | Envirolaws
Child custody, guardianship and visitation (parental responsibilities and rights) – What do I need to know should I be going through a divorce or separation? Although it is not ideal, it often happens that parents divorce or break up. Their romantic or spousal relationship may have come to an end, Continue Reading
I cannot afford to pay child maintenance during the Lockdown. What can I do? The other parent of my child has not paid any maintenance since before the lockdown. What should I do?
We are now on day 19 of the National Lockdown. Many expected the lockdown to endure for only 21 days. However, it is now set for 35 days. Unless you are an essential worker, or a business providing essential services, you may not go out to work or earn a living. You may, however, work from home making use of email, telephone calls, and video calls. However, the vast majority of workers in South Africa do not work from a computer or have the ability to earn money from being online. This applies to restaurants, retail stores and suppliers, the building and maintenance industry, and so on. The list is extensive.
For those who are lucky to be employed, some will only receive half their salary and some none. No work, no pay. This is a sad reality of the national lockdown. Many people will be left without jobs and unable to pay their expenses. We can only hope and pray that the COVID-19, coronavirus pandemic comes to an end as soon as possible. South Africans can then work together in building our nation back to where it was and beyond.Regulations regarding the movement of children during the lockdown
Concerning the issue of a parent’s inability to pay child maintenance during the lockdown, let us first outline the current regulations regarding the movement of children during this period. This would place this article in perspective. Children may only be moved between homes under the following circumstances:- There are arrangements in place for the children to move for one parent to another in terms of a court order; or
- A parental responsibilities and rights agreement or parenting plan registered with the office of the Family Advocate; and
- In the household to which the child is to move, there is no person who is known to have come into contact with, or is reasonably suspected to have come into contact with, a person known to have contracted, or reasonably suspected to have contracted, COVID-19;
- The parent or caregiver transporting the child concerned must have in his or her possession, the court order or the latter agreement, or a certified copy thereof.
To view the regulations, click here. TAKE NOTE! There is NO Child Maintenance Payment Holiday during the National Lockdown Period!
On 07 April 2020, an article was published entitled: TAKE NOTE! There is NO Child Maintenance Payment Holiday during the National Lockdown Period! This article still stands. We received many queries and comments from parents who cannot afford to pay child maintenance during the lockdown, and parents who have not received any child maintenance prior. Let us deal with this issue.A parent’s duty to pay child maintenance
Whether or not there is a maintenance order in place, a parent has the duty to maintain his or her child. This duty does not stem from a court order, but by operation of law. A parent, therefore, cannot opt-out from paying child support. The only exception could be if the child, although he or she is a minor, is very wealthy, and does not require any form of child maintenance. This latter scenario is however rare.What are the social welfare consequences of not paying child support?
The very basic purpose of paying child support is to feed, clothe and give the child shelter. If a child has two (2) parents, then both of them have a legal obligation to maintain that child. If one parent pays child support, the other parent would use that money to supplement the expenses of the child. Therefore, the money would be used to pay for any of the following basic needs during the lockdown period:- Food (breakfast, lunch and supper)
- Accommodation (rent)
- Electricity, water and gas
- Basic clothing
- Basic educational expenses
- Personal hygiene and medical expenses
Now let’s say both parents are not earning any money during the lockdown period. The parent caring for the child is trying his or her utmost best to feed the child with what little money there is. If the parent who is supposed to pay child support does not pay his or her portion, what would happen? It would mean that the child would not have food to eat during the lockdown period. This is not in the child’s best interest. A parent should, therefore, try his or her utmost to avoid this situation from happening by paying child support. 
What if a parent really cannot afford to pay child maintenance during the lockdown period?
It is theoretically possible that a parent, who receives no income during the lockdown period, cannot afford to pay all the child maintenance he or she is obliged to pay. This category of parent would be one who owns no assets of value to sell, is not eligible to take out a loan from someone, and himself or herself is destitute. In other words, there is no money or assets at all. Should the mother lay a complaint for non-compliance with the Maintenance order, or for paying child support, he or she should prove that he or she was truly destitute and could not pay any child support, albeit a small amount.For what may a parent approach the maintenance court during the lockdown?
In terms of direction 8(b)(i) and (ii)issued in the Regulations (No. R418) issued on 28 March 2029 in the Government Gazette (No.43167), the Maintenance Court may deal with maintenance matters during the lockdown as follows: – First time applications for maintenance will only be dealt with if complete information is supplied in respect of required names, surname, telephone or cellular phone number, employment or business address, banking details of the Respondent; and – Application in respect of enforcement of maintenance orders Therefore, if a parent is not paying child support in terms of a court order, approach the maintenance court to enforce it, even during the lockdown. If you do not have a maintenance order, and not receiving maintenance, approach the maintenance court during the lockdown and ensure you have all the information mentioned in the regulations above. We, therefore, urge parents to pay their child support during the lockdown period. This is so even though you never saw your child during the entire lockdown period. Make a loan, sell some goods, or do whatever you can to ensure your child has food to eat during the lockdown and beyond. We are certain that you found the above article useful and interesting. Please consider sharing it on the share buttons below. They include Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, WhatsApp, Gmail and more. Someone may find it useful as well. Should you require business advice or services, feel free to click on these links: Business SA | Private Legal | Envirolaws
I cannot afford to pay child maintenance during the Lockdown. What can I do? The other parent of my child has not paid any maintenance since before the lockdown. What should I do? We are now on day 19 of the National Lockdown. Many expected the lockdown to endure Continue Reading

I want to relocate from South Africa to Japan with my minor child. The other parent does not want my child to relocate to Japan. What can I do?
Japan is a popular destination to emigrate to. People emigrate from South Africa for many reasons. It ranges from better employment opportunities, family relations, or for a better standard of living. Whatever the reason a parent wants to relocate to Japan, if a minor child will be joining that parent and also relocating to Japan, then the parent remaining in South Africa’s consent would usually be required. Let us unpack the legal issues a parent may encounter when wanting to emigrate to Japan. Before we do so, let us list the various cities and towns in Japan to which you may want to relocate: Aichi, Anjō, Atsuta, Gamagōri, Handa, Hekinan, Ichinomiya, Inazawa, Kariya, Kasugai, Komaki, Kōnan, Nagoya, Nishio, Okazaki, Seto, Tokoname, Toyohashi, Toyokawa, Toyota, Akita, Noshiro, Ōdate, Aomori, Aomori, Hachinohe, Hirosaki, Chiba, Chiba, Chōshi, Funabashi, Ichihara, Ichikawa, Kashiwa, Kisarazu, Matsudo, Narashino, Narita, Noda, Sawara, Urayasu, Ehime, Imabari, Matsuyama, Niihama, Saijō, Uwajima, Yawatahama, Fukui, Sabae, Takefu, Tsuruga, Fukuoka, Iizuka, Kitakyūshū, Kurume, Nōgata, Ōkawa, Ōmuta, Tagawa, Fukushima, Aizu-wakamatsu, Iwaki, Kōriyama, Gifu, Gifu, Kakamigahara, Ōgaki, Tajimi, Takayama, Toki, Gumma, Isesaki, Kiryū, Maebashi, Ōta, Takasaki, Tatebayashi, Tomioka, Hiroshima, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Innoshima, Kure, Mihara, Onomichi, Hokkaido, Asahikawa, Bibai, Chitose, Ebetsu, Hakodate, Iwamizawa, Kitami, Kushiro, Muroran, Nemuro, Noboribetsu, Obihiro, Otaru, Rumoi, Sapporo, Tomakomai, Wakkanai, Yūbari, Hyōgo, Akashi, Akō, Amagasaki, Ashiya, Himeji, Itami, Kakogawa, Kawanishi, Kōbe, Miki, Nishinomiya, Takarazuka, Takasago, Ibaraki, Hitachi, Hitachinaka, Kitaibaraki, Koga, Mito, Shimodate, Tsuchiura, Tsukuba Science City, Ishikawa, Kaga, Kanazawa, Komatsu, Nanao, Iwate, Kamaishi, Miyako, Mizusawa, Morioka, Kagawa, Marugame, Sakaide, Takamatsu, Kagoshima, Kanoya, Sendai, Kanagawa, Atsugi, Chigasaki, Fujisawa, Hadano, Hakone, Hiratsuka, Kamakura, Kawasaki, Miura, Odawara, Sagamihara, Yamato, Yokohama, Yokosuka, Kōchi, Kumamoto, Arao, Kumamoto, Minamata, Yatsushiro, Kyōto, Kyōto, Maizuru, Uji, Mie, Ise, Kuwana, Matsuzaka, Suzuka, Tsu, Ueno, Yokkaichi, Miyagi, Ishinomaki, Kesennuma, Sendai, Shiogama, Miyazaki, Miyakonojō, Miyazaki, Nichinan, Nobeoka, Nagano, Matsumoto, Nagano, Okaya, Suwa, Ueda, Nagasaki, Hirado, Isahaya, Nagasaki, Ōmura, Sasebo, Shimabara, Nara, Kashihara, Nara, Tenri, Yamato-Kōriyama, Niigata, Jōetsu, Kashiwazaki, Nagaoka, Niigata, Niitsu, Sanjō, Ōita, Beppu, Hita, Nakatsu, Ōita, Saiki, Usa, Usuki, Okayama, Kasaoka, Kurashiki, Okayama, Tamano, Tsuyama, Okinawa, Naha, Okinawa, Ōsaka, Daitō, Higashiōsaka, Hirakata, Ikeda, Izumiōtsu, Izumisano, Kadoma, Kishiwada, Matsubara, Moriguchi, Neyagawa, Ōsaka, Sakai, Suita, Takatsuki, Toyonaka, Yao, Saga, Imari, Karatsu, Saga, Tosu, Saitama, Ageo, Asaka, Chichibu, Fukaya, Gyōda, Iruma, Kawagoe, Kawaguchi, Koshigaya, Kumagaya, Saitama, Sōka, Toda, Warabi, Shiga, Hikone, Ōtsu, Shigaraki, Shimane, Izumo, Masuda, Matsue, Shizuoka, Atami, Fuji, Fujieda, Fujinomiya, Gotemba, Hamakita, Hamamatsu, Itō, Mishima, Numazu, Shimada, Shimizu, Shizuoka, Yaizu, Tochigi, Ashikaga, Kanuma, Nikkō, Oyama, Sano, Utsunomiya, Tokushima, Anan, Komatsushima, Naruto, Tokushima, Tokyo, Chōfu, Fuchū, Ginza, Hachiōji, Higashimurayama, Hino, Kodaira, Koganei, Kokubunji, Machida, Mitaka, Musashino, Ōme, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Tottori, Kurayoshi, Yonago, Toyama, Takaoka, Wakayama, Kainan, Nachi-katsuura, Sakata, Tsuruoka, Wakayama, Yamagata, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Yamaguchi, Hagi, Hōfu, Iwakuni, Kudamatsu, Shimonoseki, Tokuyama, Ube, Yamanashi, Kōfu. (https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-cities-and-towns-in-Japan-2039519) Why do I require the other parent’s Consent to relocate to Japan?
According to South African law, if you are a co-holder of parental responsibilities and rights over your minor child, you must consent to your child leaving South Africa. In this case, relocating to Japan. Here we refer to section 18 of the Children’s Act 38 of 2005. The entire provision is as follows: 18 Parental responsibilities and rights (1) A person may have either full or specific parental responsibilities and rights in respect of a child. (2) The parental responsibilities and rights that a person may have in respect of a child, include the responsibility and the right- (a) to care for the child; (b) to maintain contact with the child; (c) to act as guardian of the child; and (d) to contribute to the maintenance of the child. (3) Subject to subsections (4) and (5), a parent or other person who acts as guardian of a child must- (a) administer and safeguard the child’s property and property interests; (b) assist or represent the child in administrative, contractual and other legal matters; or (c) give or refuse any consent required by law in respect of the child, including- (i) consent to the child’s marriage; (ii) consent to the child’s adoption; (iii) consent to the child’s departure or removal from the Republic; (iv) consent to the child’s application for a passport; and (v) consent to the alienation or encumbrance of any immovable property of the child. (4) Whenever more than one person has guardianship of a child, each one of them is competent, subject to subsection (5), any other law or any order of a competent court to the contrary, to exercise independently and without the Consent of the other any right or responsibility arising from such guardianship. (5) Unless a competent court orders otherwise, the Consent of all the persons that have guardianship of a child is necessary in respect of matters set out in subsection (3)(c). Now let us explain what Parental Responsibilities and Rights are.What are Parental Responsibilities and Rights of a parent in relation to a child?
As can be seen from section 18(2) of the Children’s Act, when we refer to Parental Responsibilities and Rights, we refer to the following: (a) to care for the child; (b) to maintain contact with the child; (c) to act as guardian of the child; and (d) to contribute to the maintenance of the child. Therefore, if a parent has parental responsibilities and rights over a minor child, and accordingly, rights of guardianship, their Consent is required when it comes to issues of guardianship. As seen from section 18(3)(c) of the Children’s Act above, both parents’ Consent is required should a minor child depart from the Republic of South Africa. In this case, to emigrate to Japan. Even if the minor child only wants to go for a short holiday to Japan, both guardians’ Consent would be required.When would the other parent be seen as a guardian in the case of a relocation matter to Japan?
It must be noted that not all parents are legal guardians over their minor children. We should therefore distinguish between married or divorced parents and parents who were never married. As you would see below, usually married, or divorced parents’ Consent would be required for a minor child to relocate or emigrate to Japan. However, that does not automatically apply to parents who were never married. This could be because the child could have been born from a brief encounter and never met his or her father. It would not make sense that a parent who never met his or her 15-year-old child, should give Consent for relocation to Japan.Mother’s Consent for relocation of the minor child to Japan
Section 19 of the Children’s Act deals with the Parental responsibilities and rights of mothers. It states the following: 19 Parental responsibilities and rights of mothers (1) The biological mother of a child, whether married or unmarried, has full parental responsibilities and rights in respect of the child. (2) If- (a) the biological mother of a child is an unmarried child who does not have guardianship in respect of the child; and (b) the biological father of the child does not have guardianship in respect of the child, the guardian of the child’s biological mother is also the guardian of the child. (3) This section does not apply in respect of a child who is the subject of a surrogacy agreement. As seen from section 19(1) of the Children’s Act, in most cases involving the relocation of a minor child to Japan, the mother’s Consent is required as she has full parental responsibilities and rights over the minor child.Married father’s Consent for the relocation of the minor child to Japan
Section 20 of the Children’s Act deals with Parental responsibilities and rights of married fathers. It states the following: 20 Parental responsibilities and rights of married fathers The biological father of a child has full parental responsibilities and rights in respect of the child- (a) if he is married to the child’s mother; or (b) if he was married to the child’s mother at (i) the time of the child’s conception; (ii) the time of the child’s birth; or (iii) any time between the child’s conception and birth. As can be seen from sections 20 (a) and (b) of the Children’s Act, if the father and the mother were married, or are married, then his Consent is required for the minor child to relocate to Japan. Of course, an exception to this would be should a court of law order otherwise. This would be the case should the parents be divorced and the divorce court ordered that only the mother may act as guardian. Next, we deal with the issue of an unmarried father’s Consent to relocate a minor child to Japan.Consent of unmarried fathers for the relocation of their minor children to Japan.
Section 21 of the Children’s Act deals with parental responsibilities and rights of unmarried fathers. The section states the following: 21 Parental responsibilities and rights of unmarried fathers (1) The biological father of a child who does not have parental responsibilities and rights in respect of the child in terms of section 20, acquires full parental responsibilities and rights in respect of the child- (a) if at the time of the child’s birth he is living with the mother in a permanent life-partnership; or (b) if he, regardless of whether he has lived or is living with the mother- (i) consents to be identified or successfully applies in terms of section 26 to be identified as the child’s father or pays damages in terms of customary law; (ii) contributes or has attempted in good faith to contribute to the child’s upbringing for a reasonable period; and (iii) contributes or has attempted in good faith to contribute towards expenses in connection with the maintenance of the child for a reasonable period. (2) This section does not affect the duty of a father to contribute towards the maintenance of the child. (3) (a) If there is a dispute between the biological father referred to in subsection (1) and the biological mother of a child with regard to the fulfilment by that father of the conditions set out in subsection (1) (a) or (b), the matter must be referred for mediation to a family advocate, social worker, social service professional or other suitably qualified person. (b) Any party to the mediation may have the outcome of the mediation reviewed by a court. (4) This section applies regardless of whether the child was born before or after the commencement of this Act. As can be seen from the latter sections, a father of a child born out of wedlock does not automatically have parental responsibilities and rights over his minor child. He may however acquire those parental responsibilities and rights over his minor child if he is materially involved in the child’s life. That would be where the father and the mother were in a permanent life partnership when the child was born or he is meaningfully involved in the child’s life, as outlined above. We shall not go into much detail regarding that. However, in most cases, if the father had regular contact with the child and paid child support, he would have acquired parental responsibilities and rights over the minor child.What do you do if the other parent does not want to consent to the minor child relocating to Japan?
Suppose the other parent also has parental responsibilities and rights over the minor child, and he or she does not want to consent to the relocation of the minor child to Japan, then in such a case, the Court needs to be approached. Here I refer you back to section 18(5) of the Children’s Act referred to above where it states: (5) Unless a competent court orders otherwise, the Consent of all the persons that have guardianship of a child is necessary in respect of matters set out in subsection (3)(c). Therefore, after your Court Application has been launched an both sides have been heard, the Court would make the necessary Order. If you are successful in your application for the relocation of your minor children to Japan, then the Court will make an Order similar to that which is shown below. [caption id="attachment_10829" align="alignnone" width="662"]
Relocation consent Court Order for minor child to Japan – Advocate Muhammad Abduroaf[/caption]

I want to relocate from South Africa to Japan with my minor child. The other parent does not want my child to relocate to Japan. What can I do? Japan is a popular destination to emigrate to. People emigrate from South Africa for many reasons. It ranges from better employment Continue Reading
Child Custody, Contact rights and more – Children’s Act 38 of 2005
This article gives a short introduction to the Children’s Act.
The Children’s Act 38 of 2005 was a very welcomed piece of legislation. It assists us in answering many issues relating to Family Law. For example. What are the rights of unmarried fathers? Do I as a father of a child born out of wedlock have rights? Do I as a father of a child born in terms of a religious marriage have rights?
Parents who are involved in disputes regarding their children should educate themselves on the provisions of the Children’s Act.Challenges for unmarried fathers
In our view, unmarried fathers almost always experienced difficulties regarding access to their children if they were separated from their mother. What is even worse, is if a couple was married in terms of religion or custom, and not civilly (e.g. in Court), and the parties separated, where the unmarried father’s position would be the same as that of an unmarried father who was never married to the mother religiously or customary.Rights of Unmarried Fathers in South Africa
However, if a party was married civilly and divorced, the Divorce Court in the past would deal with the issue of care and contact in relation to the minor children. The usual phrase used was that the mother would have custody over the child, with the father having rights of reasonable access. The position has however improved with the inception of the Children’s Act 38 of 2005 for both divorced and unmarried fathers. As outlined below, an unmarried father would have rights over a child, akin to that of a married father, as long as certain conditions are met.The persistent problem for unmarried parents
However, in our view, based on the custody and contact matters we dealt with since the inception of the Act, mothers are still seen as primary caregivers in practice, and if the mother does not want the father to have contact or care with the child or a say in his or her life, the father would still have to follow the procedures in the Act to give effect to his rights. Sometimes, approaching the Court is the only solution. However, on the whole, the Children’s Act 38 of 2005, is a step in the proper direction for unmarried fathers, and children born out of wedlock. We hope it would improve even more.The coming into effect of the Children’s Act 38 (Act 38 of 2005)
All sections of the Children’s Act 38 (Act 38 of 2005) came into effect on 1 April 2010. The Children’s Act 38 of 2005 brought many changes regarding the responsibilities and rights of parents and children and also deals with other aspects regarding children, e.g. contraceptives and abortion, etc. Interesting to note are the following sections listed below, there are however others depending on your issues.Parental responsibilities and rights
Section 18 of the children’s act 38 of 38 2005 states the following: (1) A person may have either full or specific parental responsibilities or rights in respect of a child. (2) The parental responsibilities and rights that a person may have in respect of a Child, include the responsibility and the right- (a) To care for the child; (b) To maintain contact with the child; (c) To act as guardian of the child; and (d) To contribute to the maintenance of the child. (3) Subject to subsections (4) and (5), a parent or other person who acts as guardian of a child must (a) Administer and safeguard the child’s property and property interests; (b) Assist or represent the child in administrative, contractual and other legal Matters; or (c) Give or refuse any consent required by law in respect of the child, including- (I) consent to the child marriage (ii) Consent to the child adoption; (iii) Consent to the child departure or removal from the Republic; (iv) Consent to the child application for a passport; and (v) Consent to the alienation or encumbrance of any immovable property of the child. (4) Whenever more than one person has guardianship of a child, each one of them is competent, subject to subsection (5), any other law or any order of a competent court to the contrary, to exercise independently and without the consent of the other any right or responsibility arising from such guardianship. (5) Unless a competent court orders otherwise, the consent of all the persons that have guardianship of a child is necessary in respect of matters set out in subsection (3)(c). We shall now deal with what the Children’s Act of 2005 says the meaning of care and contact are, which are not the traditional words used in the past. In the past, the courts and the legal fraternity used the terms custody and access. This was reflected in divorce papers. Now legal documents use the terms care and contact although some might disagree, it is respectfully submitted that custody is an aspect of care and the Children’s act provides broader responsibilities and rights in this regard.Meaning of Care in the Children’s Act
The Children’s Act 38 of 2005 defines care as follows: Care in relation to a child, includes, where appropriate- (a) Within available means, providing the child with- (i) a suitable place to live; (ii) Living conditions that are conducive to the child’s health well-being and development; and (iii) The necessary financial support; (b) Safeguarding and promoting the well-being of the child; (c) protecting the child from maltreatment, abuse, neglect, degradation, discrimination, exploitation and any other physical, emotional or moral harm or hazards; (d) respecting, protecting, promoting and securing the fulfilment of, and guarding against any infringement of, the child rights set out in the Bill of Rights and the principles set out in Chapter 2 of this Act; (e) guiding, directing and securing the child education and upbringing, including religious and cultural education and upbringing, in a manner appropriate to the child age, maturity and stage of development; guiding, advising and assisting the child in decisions to be taken by the child in a manner appropriate to the child age, maturity and stage of development; (g) Guiding the behaviour of the child in a humane manner; (h) Maintaining a sound relationship with the child; (I) accommodating any special needs that the child may have; and (j) Generally, ensuring that the best interests of the child is the paramount Concern in all matters affecting the child;Meaning of Contact in the Children’s Act
According to the Children’s Act 38 of 2005, contact means the following: Contact in relation to a child, means- (a) Maintaining a personal relationship with the child; and (b) If the child lives with someone else- (I) communication on a regular basis with the child in person, including- (AA) visiting the child; or (Bb) being visited by the child; or (ii) Communication on a regular basis with the child in any other manner, Including- (AA) through the post; or (Bb) by telephone or any other form of electronic communication; It is my view that the Children’s Act 38 of 2005 attempts to place greater value to contact between parent and child. There are many sections in the Children’s Act 38 of 2005 that deals with parental responsibilities and rights of parents and children. Get hold of the Act and see how it applies to you. If you are an unmarried father and your rights are being limited by the mother of the child, I advise you to contact a family legal practitioner and discuss your rights with him or her. And to all unmarried fathers out there, fight for your rights as a father, this would be in the child’s best interest.
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Child Custody, Contact rights and more – Children’s Act 38 of 2005 This article gives a short introduction to the Children’s Act. The Children’s Act 38 of 2005 was a very welcomed piece of legislation. It assists us in answering many issues relating to Family Law. For example. What are Continue Reading
I require a law firm to assist me in my Children’s Court matter in South Africa
What are your contact details?
If you require an Advocate Law Firm to assist you in your legal matter, feel free to contact us using the following details:- Tel.: 021 111 0090
- Email.: [email protected]
The services you may instruct the firm of Advocate Muhammad Abduroaf to represent you in are as follows:High Court matters
- Civil claim surrounding money;
- Interdicts;
- Divorces (Opposed and unopposed);
- Child Custody and guardianship disputes;
- Relocation of minor children;
- Various criminal matters;
- Minor children surname changes;
- Appeals and Reviews; and
- Other matters.
Magistrates Court matters
- Civil claim surrounding money;
- Various criminal matters;
- Interdicts;
- Maintenance Court matters;
- Divorces Court matters (Opposed and unopposed)’
- Children’s Court matter; and
- Other matters.
Constitutional Court
- Appeals
Supreme Court of Appeal
- Appeals and Reviews
We service clients throughout South Africa. These include: Cape Town Rustenburg Kimberley East London Nelspruit Polokwane Pietermaritzburg Bloemfontein Port Elizabeth Pretoria Durban Johannesburg
I require a law firm to assist me in my Children’s Court matter in South Africa What are your contact details? If you require an Advocate Law Firm to assist you in your legal matter, feel free to contact us using the following details: Tel.: 021 111 0090 Email.: [email protected] Continue Reading
Parenting Plans Questions and Answers

We introduced this Parenting Plans Questions and Answers page for you to post questions you may have on the topic. For example, if you want to know whether you should enter into a parenting plan, pose a question with some background facts. At the same time, should you be able to assist others who posted questions below, requiring some advice on Parenting Plans, please proceed and reply to their comments. In that manner, we would all be able to assist each other and increase our online knowledge base. Therefore, although we a are legal consultancy, specialising in family law, you may have problems or experiences that we have not encountered. Let us share in our knowledge of Parenting Plans.Sections 33 and 34 of the Children’s Act 38 of 2005
Sections 33 and 34 of the Children’s Act 38 of 2005 (the Act) deals with “parenting plans”. People that would find these sections useful are parents, legal practitioners, social workers, psychologists, social services professional. For an in-depth outline of the sections, visit this link on parenting plans and the law.What is a parenting plan?
The Children’s Act 38 of 2005 does not provide a definition of a parenting plan. However, looking at the provisions of the Act and its Regulations dealing with parenting plans, one could define it as a written agreement between co-holders of parental responsibilities and rights outlining in detail their respective responsibilities and rights of care, contact, guardianship and maintenance with regard to a child.Who should agree on a parenting plan?
Not all holders of parental responsibilities and rights need to agree on a parenting plan and have it registered with a Family Advocate or made an Order of the High Court. Parenting Plans should be entered into only if there is a need for it. However, the choice is always there for the parties should they wish to formalise one. Section 33 of the Act provides for two (2) situations in which a parenting plan comes into play. This I shall refer to as the optional situation and the mandatory situation. For an in-depth outline of the sections, visit this link on parenting plans and the law.Other family law resources on this website
There are various other family law resources on this website that you may find useful. For example, there is a downloadable child maintenance calculator. The resources may assist you with whatever questions you have, or the information you require on Parenting Plans. Therefore, after posting your question, or any time after, have a look at the useful resources and information on our website. Some of these resources are listed hereafter.Articles and Q&A
There is a range of legal articles on this website dealing with various family law issues. Some of these articles are straight forward, outlining the legal position on a family law related topic. For example, how to apply for child maintenance, or how to get divorced. Other articles are written in the form of answering a specific legal question. For example, do I pay maintenance if I am unemployed, or what do I do if I want to leave the country with my child, and the other parent does not want to provide consent? Those articles are in blog format. This means that you are welcome to comment or pose questions to increase our knowledge base. The clear idea behind our website is that we want to make family law legal information more accessible and available to the public.Downloadable resources
We created some downloadable resources for free on this website. They are: 1 Free Basic Will Tool Kit 2. Free Shariah Will Template 3. Free Divorce Starter Tool Kit 4. Free Child Maintenance Calculator 5. Free DIY Urgent Child Contact Toolkit Feel free to download these useful resources. Click on the links above, and complete the online purchase process. The purchase price is R 0. Thereafter, a downloadable link would be emailed to you. Once you received the email, download it as soon as possible as the link would expire after two months. We hope that we assisted you with any queries you had on Parenting Plans. If not, feel free to arrange a consultation with us.
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Parenting Plans Questions and Answers We introduced this Parenting Plans Questions and Answers page for you to post questions you may have on the topic. For example, if you want to know whether you should enter into a parenting plan, pose a question with some background facts. At the same Continue Reading
Family Law Service – Advocate Muhammad Abduroaf – Finding the best lawyer for you.
Choosing the right law firm (Attorney or Advocate) can be a daunting task in the intricate landscape of legal matters. Whether you’re facing a complex litigation case, navigating corporate law, or seeking legal assistance for personal issues, the decision of which law firm to engage is crucial. At the firm Advocate Muhammad Abduroaf, we understand the significance of this decision, and we aim to demonstrate why choosing our firm can make all the difference.Expertise and Specialisation
One of the primary reasons for choosing our law firm is our expertise and specialisation in diverse legal areas. As you can see from this website, advocate Muhammad Abduroaf practices in various fields of law. This breadth of expertise ensures that no matter the nature of your legal issue, you will have access to knowledgeable and experienced professionals who can provide tailored solutions.Personalised Approach
We recognise that every client and every case is unique. That’s why we prioritise a personalised approach to legal representation. From the moment you engage our services, we take the time to understand your specific needs, concerns, and objectives. This allows us to develop strategies and solutions customised to your circumstances, ensuring the best possible outcome for your case.Commitment to Excellence
At Advocate Muhammad Abduroaf, excellence is not just a goal – it’s our standard. We are committed to providing our clients with the highest quality legal services, characterized by thorough research, meticulous attention to detail, and strategic thinking. Our track record of success speaks for itself, with numerous satisfied clients who have benefited from our dedication to excellence.Responsive and Accessible
Legal matters can be stressful and overwhelming, so we prioritise responsiveness and accessibility. Our team is readily available to address your questions, concerns, and needs throughout your case. Whether you prefer to communicate via phone, WhatsApp, email, or in-person meetings, we are here to provide you with the support and guidance you need when you need it.Cost-Effective Solutions
Legal representation shouldn’t break the bank. That’s why we are committed to providing cost-effective solutions that deliver value for our clients. We offer transparent billing practices and strive to minimise unnecessary expenses wherever possible, ensuring you receive top-notch legal services without the hefty price tag.Ethical and Professional Conduct
Integrity and ethics are at the core of everything we do. Our team adheres to the highest standards of professional conduct, ensuring your case is handled with the utmost integrity, honesty, and discretion. You can trust that your legal matters will be handled with care and respect, and your confidentiality will always be protected. In conclusion, choosing the right law firm can significantly impact the outcome of your legal matters. At Advocate Muhammad Abduroaf, we offer expertise, specialisation, personalised service, commitment to excellence, responsiveness, cost-effective solutions, and ethical conduct. These qualities set us apart and make us the ideal choice for clients seeking top-notch legal representation. Contact us today to learn how we can assist you with your legal needs. If you require an Advocate Law Firm to assist you in your legal matter, feel free to contact us using the following details:- Tel.: 021 111 0090
- Email.: [email protected]
We service clients throughout South Africa. These include: Cape Town Rustenburg Kimberley East London Nelspruit Polokwane Pietermaritzburg Bloemfontein Port Elizabeth Pretoria Durban Johannesburg
- Tel.: 021 111 0090
- Email.: [email protected]
Family Law Service – Advocate Muhammad Abduroaf – Finding the best lawyer for you. Choosing the right law firm (Attorney or Advocate) can be a daunting task in the intricate landscape of legal matters. Whether you’re facing a complex litigation case, navigating corporate law, or seeking legal assistance for personal Continue Reading
Maintenance Court Johannesburg
There are number of child maintenance courts in Johannesburg. Below are local maintenance courts that could be close to your area:- Johannesburg Family Court Centre – Magistrates’ Court
- Johannesburg Central Magistrate Court – Magistrates’ Court
- Hillbrow Magistrates Court – Magistrates’ Court
[caption id="attachment_4278" align="alignleft" width="300"]
Call us on: 0211110090
Email: [email protected][/caption] To claim child maintenance/child support, you should visit your closest maintenance court in your area.Maintenance Court Procedure
Find out where about is the closest magistrates’ court in your area and pay them a visit. The following will be required:- Birth certificate of your child/children.
- Your identity document.
- Proof of residence.
- A divorce settlement.
- Proof of your monthly income and expenses.
- The personal details of the parent required to pay maintenance such as their name, surname physical and work address.
- Copy of your bank statement.
[caption id="attachment_4279" align="alignleft" width="300"]
Call us on: 0211110090
Email: [email protected][/caption] In attempt to claim maintenance, you will have to fill in a detailed form stipulated by the Magistrate’s Court. This form shall request all details regarding your income and expenses – lighter expenses such as entertainment and pocket money are also included. Expenses of parents and the child are however, listed separately. The court however, will take a number of factors into consideration when stipulating the amount of maintenance that should be paid. Both parent’s income will be analysed and the court’s decision will be based accordingly.Child Maintenance Calculator
Our Lawyer Pty Ltd introduced a range of free legal products and services for your convenience. The child maintenance calculator. gives you a better understanding on how much maintenance you should be claiming or receiving. [caption id="attachment_4282" align="alignleft" width="300"]
Call us on: 0211110090
Email: [email protected][/caption] Below are our free legal products:- Free Child Maintenance Calculator
- Basic Free Will Tool Kit
- Free Muslim or Islamic Shariah Will Template
- Free Divorce Starter Tool Kit
- Free DIY Urgent Child Contact
Our legal products and services can be accessed nationally and caters to those residing out of Cape Town as well. We have recently introduced our national contact number in which you can contact us on 087 701 1124 for your convenience. Feel free to contact us at any given point and we’ll be sure to swiftly return your call and have an online appointment made for you.Child Maintenance Office numbers
Feel free to visit us at our law offices for friendly, expert legal advice and enjoy free Wi-Fi in comfortable setting. Our legal consultations are one-on-one and confidential in which the legal expert will be advising you through the process. Are you residing out of Cape Town? No problem. Make use of our national number and call us on 087 7011 124 to have your online appointment made for you. We are able to conduct legal consultations through Skype/video call for your convenience. Connect with us today! Our Lawyer Pty Ltd offers a range of family law legal services for your convenience. You can find our office in the heart of the buzzing CBD at Suit 702, 7th Floor, The Pinnacle, corner of Strand and Burg Street, Cape Town. Feel free to visit us at our offices in a safe, central setting and enjoy professional, confidential, legal consultations at its best. Call our legal offices today and have your legal appointment booked online for a legal consultation in child maintenance. Our Lawyer Pty Ltd is highly accommodating towards its clients and believe in making life easier for its clients. This is why we have decided to initiate an online appointment system as well as an online platform in which you can share your thoughts and post your legal questions.
Maintenance Court Johannesburg There are number of child maintenance courts in Johannesburg. Below are local maintenance courts that could be close to your area: Johannesburg Family Court Centre – Magistrates’ Court Johannesburg Central Magistrate Court – Magistrates’ Court Hillbrow Magistrates Court – Magistrates’ Court To claim child maintenance/child support, you Continue Reading