Best Advice: The Importance of Having a Skilled Criminal Trust Account Advocate – Advocate Muhammad Abduroaf

It is possible to obtain the services of an advocate directly. In other words, not via an attorney. That is the case should you make use of a Trust account advocate. If you want to use a referral advocate, you must go via an attorney. This article deals with a trust account advocate who provides legal services for criminal law. In criminal law, having a competent and experienced criminal trust account advocate by your side can be the difference between a favourable outcome and devastating consequences. Criminal charges can have life-altering implications, including imprisonment, hefty fines, and a permanent criminal record. Therefore, it is imperative to understand why securing the services of a highly skilled criminal trust account advocate is essential.

Expertise in the Legal System

A criminal trust account advocate possesses the specialised knowledge necessary to navigate the complexities of the legal system. Criminal law is multifaceted and constantly evolving, with various rules and regulations that can be challenging to interpret for someone without legal training. A seasoned trust account advocate will be familiar with the law and can leverage this knowledge to build a strong defence.

Protection of Rights

One of the most important roles of a criminal trust account advocate is to protect your rights throughout the legal process. From the moment you are arrested, you have legal rights that must be upheld. A skilled trust account advocate will ensure that law enforcement, police and the prosecution do not violate these rights, potentially leading to the dismissal of evidence or even charges.

Case Strategy Development

A good criminal trust account advocate analyses the details of your case, including evidence, witness statements, and procedural aspects, to develop an effective defence strategy tailored to your situation. They can identify potential weaknesses in the prosecution’s case, negotiate plea deals, or prepare for trial if necessary. This strategic planning is critical in achieving the best possible outcome.

Negotiation Skills of the Trust Account Advocate

Many cases are resolved through negotiation rather than going to trial. A proficient criminal trust account advocate will have strong negotiation skills to secure favourable plea deals or reduced charges. Their experience in dealing with prosecutors allows them to trust account advocate effectively on your behalf and seek the best possible resolution to your case.

Emotional Support

Facing criminal charges can be incredibly stressful and emotionally draining. A good trust account advocate provides legal representation and emotional support during this challenging time. They can explain the legal process, answer your questions, and keep you informed, helping to alleviate some of the anxiety associated with the situation.

Trial Experience of the Trust Account Advocate

If your case goes to trial, having a trust account advocate with trial experience is invaluable. They understand courtroom procedures, evidence rules, and strategies to persuade a judge or magistrate. Their ability to present your case compellingly can significantly influence the outcome.

What to Look for in a Good Criminal Law Trust Account Advocate

Selecting the right criminal law trust account advocate is a critical decision that can significantly impact your case. Here are some key factors to consider when searching for a good trust account advocate:

Experience and Specialisation

The first factor to consider is the experience of the trust account advocate. Look for someone specialising in criminal law and with a proven track record in handling similar cases. Inquire about their prior cases, outcomes, and overall success rate. Trust account advocates with specific experience in your type of case (e.g., DUI, drug offences, theft or fraud, violent crimes) will have a deeper understanding of the nuances involved.

Reputation of the Trust Account Advocate

Research the reputation of potential trust account advocates within the legal community. Word of mouth, online reviews, and testimonials can provide insight into an advocate’s credibility and effectiveness. A good reputation often reflects an advocate’s dedication to clients and ability to achieve positive outcomes.

Communication Skills of the Trust Account Advocate

Effective communication is essential in a lawyer-client relationship. Your trust account advocate should be able to explain legal concepts in a way you can understand while also being a good listener. They should take the time to address your concerns, provide updates on your case, and ensure you feel informed and empowered throughout the process.

Availability of the Trust Account Advocate

Assess the trust account advocate’s availability and willingness to dedicate time to your case. A high caseload may mean less personalised attention. Choose someone willing to invest the necessary time and effort into building your defence.

Fees and Costs of the Trust Account Advocate

Understanding the trust account advocate’s fee structure is critical. Some charge flat fees, while others bill by the hour. Be sure to discuss costs upfront to avoid surprises later. Additionally, consider a trust account advocate’s willingness to provide a clear breakdown of services included in their fees.

Trial Preparation

If your case is headed for trial, it’s essential to have a trust account advocate who is well-prepared and has a clear trial strategy. Inquire about their track record, experience in the courtroom, and how they plan to approach your case if it goes to trial.

Personal Rapport of the Trust Account Advocate

Finally, it’s essential to choose a trust account advocate with whom you feel comfortable. Building a trusting relationship is vital, as you must share personal information and rely on their guidance. Meet with potential trust account advocates to gauge your comfort level and ensure they are someone you can work with collaboratively.

Conclusion

In conclusion, having a good criminal trust account advocate cannot be overstated. Their expertise, knowledge, and dedication to protecting your rights can profoundly impact the outcomes of your case. When searching for a criminal law trust account advocate, consider their experience, reputation, communication skills, and more. Taking the time to find the right trust account advocate will provide you with peace of mind, knowing that your legal representation is in capable hands. This decision is one of the most important steps you can take in navigating the complexities of criminal law and achieving the best possible outcome for your case.

Posted on 11 February 2025 by Telelaw

Best Advice: The Importance of Having a Skilled Criminal Trust Account Advocate – Advocate Muhammad Abduroaf

In criminal law, having a competent and experienced criminal trust account advocate by your side can be the difference between a favourable outcome and devastating consequences. Criminal charges can have life-altering implications, including imprisonment, hefty fines, and a permanent criminal record. Therefore, it is imperative to understand why securing the services of a highly skilled criminal trust account advocate is essential.

Expertise in the Legal System

Protection of Rights

Case Strategy Development

Negotiation Skills of the Trust Account Advocate

Emotional Support

Trial Experience of the Trust Account Advocate

What to Look for in a Good Criminal Law Trust Account Advocate

Experience and Specialisation

Reputation of the Trust Account Advocate

Communication Skills of the Trust Account Advocate

Availability of the Trust Account Advocate

Fees and Costs of the Trust Account Advocate

Trial Preparation

Personal Rapport of the Trust Account Advocate

Conclusion

Commonly asked questions about divorce in South Africa.
The South African Courts are granting divorces to people on a daily basis. Some divorces were initiated a few weeks ago, and others go back several years. The distinction between couples who obtained a divorce in a matter of weeks and those who waited for years is straightforward. Those who chose to wait a few weeks realised that fighting was futile, and by getting divorced sooner, they could move on with their lives more quickly.
Our unopposed divorce service
If your marriage has broken down and you and your spouse agree to get divorced, talk to us about your uncontested divorce options. We guarantee that your divorce will be resolved swiftly and with minimal stress and anxiety. Here are some frequently asked questions about divorce. If you have any particular questions, don’t hesitate to schedule a consultation with us.
What are the costs of an unopposed divorce?
The costs of an unopposed divorce would vary. That would depend on the law firm and the issues involved. We offer an unopposed divorce at a fixed fee.
What questions to ask when considering divorce?
The most important question to ask when considering divorce is whether your marriage can be saved. If your marriage cannot be saved, then a divorce may be the best thing for you.
What is the requirement for a divorce in Court?
For a court to divorce you, the Court has to be convinced on a few aspects. They relate to the issue or jurisdiction; you are married, and the marriage has broken down irretrievably. If there are minor children involved, the Court would want to be convinced that their best interests are being upheld.
What is the biggest challenge of divorce?
The biggest challenge in divorce is for the parties to accept that their marriage is over.
What not to do when asking for a divorce?
Do not agree on things you may regret later—for example, agreeing to relinquish assets you may want to keep.
What to do before telling your spouse you want a divorce?
Make sure you want a divorce.
What to do before telling your wife you want a divorce?
Make sure you want a divorce.
What is the first step when you want a divorce?
It would be best if you saw a lawyer.
What are my rights as a wife in a divorce in South Africa?
If you were maintained by your husband during the marriage, you may have a right to personal maintenance or alimony.
How do I start a divorce process?
The divorce process starts with a Summons.
How much does divorce cost in South Africa?
It can range from a few thousand rands. You can also do it yourself for free.
How long does a divorce take in South Africa?
I can take a few weeks if it is unopposed or a few years if opposed. It depends on the Court as well. Some courts are very busy.
What is the first step to divorce in South Africa?
It is to institute if at Court.
What is a free divorce in South Africa?
It is where you do not make use of a lawyer. You can do the divorce yourself.
How can I speed up my divorce in South Africa?
Try to settle the divorce.
What happens to the provident fund when you divorce?
If you are married in a community of property, the non-member spouse should receive half.
How much is a wife entitled to in a divorce pension?
If you are married in a community of property, the wife is entitled to half.
How long after divorce can you remarry in South Africa?
Immediately.
Can I claim my husband’s pension after the divorce in South Africa?
Yes, you can.
What is spousal maintenance in South Africa?
It is where your spouse has to continue supporting you after the marriage.
How long does a pension fund take to pay out after divorce?
Usually between two to three months.
How long does it take to get money from GEPF after divorce?
It is best to contact them. However, it is estimated to take about two to three months.
Does GEPF pay a lump sum?
They should pay what the divorce order says.
Who qualifies for GEPF?
A spouse is someone who is married to the member.
How do I claim my spouse’s pension after divorce?
You should claim before the divorce. If after, you must approach the Court.
What are the spousal benefits of GEPF?
You should contact them.
How is the Gepf payout calculated?
You should contact them.
What is the final salary for Gepf?
You should contact them.
How much is a lump sum from the final salary pension?
It will usually be 50 % if you are married in a community of property.
Can my wife claim half of my pension?
Yes.
How is spouse pension calculated?
It is calculated at the value of the divorce.
How can I check my GEPF balance?
Contact them.
What is rule 43 in South Africa for divorce?
It is a procedure in the High Court where you claim child maintenance, custody or contribution towards legal costs pending the divorce finalisation.
Who loses the most in a divorce?
The children, if the parties keep fighting.
Do I have to support my wife after the divorce?
No, unless a court orders you to do so.
What are the stages of divorce for a woman?
There are no specific stages.
How do I decide when to divorce?
If your marriage has broken down and cannot be saved.
What is the number 1 reason for divorce?
Parties are incompatible.
What are the three effects of divorce?
It varies between people.
Who initiates divorce more?
One would have to look at the divorce statistics.
Can a divorce be denied in South Africa?
Yes, it can.
What should I ask myself before divorce?
Can the marriage be saved?
What are the disadvantages of divorce?
You are no longer together as a family unit.
What should you think about before divorce?
Can the marriage relationship be saved?
What to do before telling your spouse you want a divorce?
Speak to a divorce lawyer.
What to do before telling your wife you want a divorce?
Speak to a divorce lawyer.
Why should you never bring up divorce?
You should only bring it up if the marriage has broken down.
What are my rights as a wife in a divorce in South Africa?
You have a right to alimony if you can prove your claim.
What is the pensionable salary?
A salary where the pension is paid.
How is pension calculated?
It would be best if you spoke to your employer.
What is the rule 58 in divorce?
It is where you claim interim maintenance, custody or a contribution towards costs in the magistrates court.
Is everything split 50-50 in a divorce in South Africa?
Only if you are married in a community of property.
What happens to the provident fund when you divorce?
If you are married in a community of property, the non-member spouse will receive half the value as of the date of the divorce.
How much tax do you pay on a divorce settlement in South Africa?
You should speak to an accountant.
What documents are needed for divorce in South Africa?
Marriage certificate for the Court.
How much does it cost to file for divorce in SA?
From free to a few thousand.
What is a free divorce in South Africa?
It is where you do it yourself, or a lawyer does not charge you.
How long does it take to Finalise a divorce in South Africa?
From a few weeks if all is agreed upon to a few years if the parties cannot.
How long after divorce can you remarry in South Africa?
Immediately.
Who should file for divorce first in South Africa?
Any spouse.
Who gets custody of the child in divorce in South Africa?
The parent that can best care for the child.

Posted on 11 February 2025 by Telelaw

Top tips from a Senior Family Law Advocate on how to deal with your Child Custody matter in the Zwelitsha Children’s Court

Family law legal matters can be very stressful. This is so whether you live in Zwelitsha or any other city in South Africa. Especially so if you have no idea how the legal processes work. It is one thing to know that you are entitled to child support, but it is a totally different matter to know the law and procedure on how to claim child support. Luckily in child maintenance matters, the maintenance court is there to assist you in completing the application form. However, many times that is not enough. Especially so if the other parent has a lawyer and knows how to present the case for his or her client.
This article, however, deals with some top tips in care and contact or custody matters in the Children’s Court in Zwelitsha. It would explain the processes involved and advise on how to be best prepared for your matter. This advice is applicable whether you live in Zwelitsha or any other city in South Africa.
What to do before visiting the Zwelitsha Children’s Court
Before you approach the Children’s Court in Zwelitsha, first try to resolve the issues with the other parent. Therefore, if you want more contact with your child and the other parent is refusing, try to resolve the matter first with that parent. If that does not work, try mediation. The mediator can be anyone, from a trusted mutual friend, priest, or other religious leaders, or a professional like an attorney, psychologist, or the office of the Family Advocate. Zwelitsha has many professionals that can assist you in this regard. If resolving the matter by yourselves is not possible, or mediation fails, then we suggest you approach the Zwelitsha Children’s Court for assistance.
TIP: Focus on getting someone neutral to assist in mediating your matter. Organisations like FAMSA and FAMAC can be of assistance. Google them.
Approaching the Zwelitsha Children’s Court
The Zwelitsha Children’s Court should be approached if it is the closest Children’s Court to you. You need to verify with the Zwelitsha Children’s Court that you fall under their area of jurisdiction. If not, they would direct you to which Children’s Court is applicable to you.
Once you arrive at the Zwelitsha Children’s Court, they will provide you with a form headed “Bringing Matter to Court in Terms of Section 53 Children’s Act, 2005 (Act no. 38 of 2005) Regulation Relating to Children’s Court and International Child Abduction, 2008 [Regulation 6]. This form is also called Form 2.
In this form, you will provide all your particulars and that of the child or children and the other parent. The sections in the form are as follows:
PART A: PARTICULARS OF CHILD(REN)
PART B: PARTICULARS OF CHILD WHO IS AFFECTED BY OR INVOLVED IN THE MATTER/PERSON ACTING IN THE INTEREST OF THE CHILD/ON BEHALF OF THE CHILD WHO CANNOT ACT IN HIS/HER OWN NAME/ MEMBER OF A GROUP OF CLASS OF CHILDREN/*IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST (SECTION 53(2)
PART C: PARTICULARS OF PERSONS HAVING AN INTEREST IN THE MATTER
PART D: PARTICULARS OF MATTER
In part D, the following is stated which you need to provide in the form:
Nature of matter brought to Court: (Please give full details of the matter e.g., registration/amendment of parenting plans, removal of child to safe care, children in need of care and protection, placement in youth care centers, adoption etc.
Documents: Are there any documents relating to the matter? (If so please attach)
Once you have completed the form and attached the relevant documents to it, you must take it to a commissioner of Oaths to have it commissioned. It does not have to be in Zwelitsha.
TIP: Draft a separate affidavit explaining your case. Outline some background information and reasons why the Court should give you what you request. Attach it to Form 2.
Processing your Application at the Zwelitsha Children’s Court
Once you complete the Form A and submit it to the Clerk of the Zwelitsha Children’s Court, they will process it and allocate it a case number or reference number. The Clerk of the Court would then allocate a date to the matter and advise the parties accordingly when the court date is. Please note that some courts follow a different process for processing the application and informing the parties of the court date. Please enquire from the Court when making the application what process they follow.
TIP: Obtain the contact details of the Court for you to contact them to obtain the Court date or other information. Ask for their contact number and email address.
Appearing in the Zwelitsha Children’s Court
When notified of the Court date, both you and the other parent should attend. If you are making use of a lawyer (Advocate or Attorney), inform them timeously of the date. Depending on the Court, you may first see the Clerk or go directly to the Magistrate. The Children’s Court would do its best to try to resolve the matter. If the parents cannot come to an agreement, the Children’s Court may postpone the matter for either of the following:
Get a social worker involved in the matter;
Appoint a legal representative for the minor child;
Implement interim care and contact arrangements;
Having the parties attempt to agree on a parenting plan;

In serious matters, the Court may remove the minor child from both parents and place the child in foster care. The powers of the Children’s Court are extensive. It will, however, focus on what is in the child’s best interests.
TIP: Be as vocal as possible. Do not expect the Court to be understanding of your case or be on your side. It is your duty to explain your case and provide the Court with all the relevant information they require for them to make a fair decision.
Finalising the matter in the Zwelitsha Children’s Court
Once the Zwelitsha Children’s Court has enough information to make a final decision, it will do so. Depending on the facts of the matter, that could either be making a Parenting Plan, an Order of the Court or a final care and contact Order. The Court may even make further interim orders, where the parties are to return to Court after a few months, or a year later.
TIP: Do not agree to something just because the social worker, a lawyer, or the Court suggest it. You need to be happy with what is decided.
The above Zwelitsha Children’s Court Application tips should apply to the following provinces and cities:
Eastern Cape:
Alice, Butterworth, East London, Graaff-Reinet, Grahamstown, King William’s Town, Mthatha
Port Elizabeth, Queenstown, Uitenhage, Zwelitsha
Free State:
Bethlehem. Bloemfontein, Jagersfontein, Kroonstad, Odendaalsrus, Parys, Phuthaditjhaba, Sasolburg, Virginia, Welkom
Gauteng:
Benoni, Boksburg, Brakpan, Carletonville, Germiston, Johannesburg, Krugersdorp, Pretoria, Randburg, Randfontein, Roodepoort, Soweto, Springs, Vanderbijlpark, Vereeniging
KwaZulu-Natal:
Durban, Empangeni, Ladysmith, Newcastle, Pietermaritzburg, Pinetown, Ulundi, Umlazi
Limpopo:
Giyani, Lebowakgomo, Musina, Phalaborwa, Polokwane, Seshego, Sibasa, Thabazimbi
Mpumalanga:
Emalahleni, Nelspruit, Secunda, North West, Klerksdorp, Mahikeng, Mmabatho, Potchefstroom, Rustenburg, Northern Cape, Kimberley, Kuruman, Port Nolloth
Western Cape:
Bellville, Zwelitsha, Constantia, George, Hopefield, Oudtshoorn, Paarl, Simon’s Town, Stellenbosch, Swellendam, Worcester

Posted on 11 February 2025 by Telelaw

Relocation with my minor child to Saudi Arabia, Mecca (Consent and Refusal) – Advocate Muhammad Abduroaf

The world is becoming a much smaller place, and technology plays a huge role. People are moving across the world for employment, love and happiness, something that was not the norm a few decades ago. There is no reason why you should remain in South Africa if you can find a better life for yourself and your family overseas. Moving overseas may provide you with the quality of life you want or the possibility of experiencing things you always wanted. The same applies to your child or children relocating with you.

Relocation of your minor child to Mecca, Saudi Arabia

If you are single and do not have any minor children, then moving around the world would not be too complicated. All you need to do is ensure that you have the necessary travel documentation and travel ticket (and spending money), and off you go. However, if you want to travel with your minor children (for example, ages three or four) or relocate to another country, things may not be that simple. Firstly, if there is another parent, and he or she has parental responsibilities and rights, then his or her consent is required. For example, let us say you live in Pretoria or Giyani, South Africa, and you want to relocate to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, you would require the other parent’s consent to leave South Africa with your minor child. This can cause challenges, especially if the staying parent (in South Africa) does not agree to the relocation.

What about Passport Consent to travel or relocate to Mecca, Saudi Arabia?

The same applies when it comes to your minor child applying for a South African passport to relocate to Saudi Arabia, or any country. Both parents who have parental responsibilities and rights of guardianship will have to consent to the minor child’s passport application as well. In this regard, both parents have to be at the Department of Home Affairs (or the relevant bank that also assists with passport application) when making the Application with the minor child. This can be challenging if you have a disinterested parent who does not want to cooperate with the passport application. As you will see later, legal action would need to be taken.

What are the steps to follow when I want to relocate to Mecca, Saudi Arabia with my minor child? There is another parent.

To simplify the process for relocation, the first step would be to receive the other parent’s consent in principle for the relocation and that he or she will co-operate in this regard. Once that has been resolved, the parent relocating would need to make the appointment for the minor child’s passport application as well as the application for the relevant VISA. Each country has different requirements; however, seeing that it is a relocation, you need to apply for the correct VISA. For that, you need the Passport. Once the visa and travel arrangements have been finalised, the parent remaining behind will sign a parental consent letter for the international travel. That letter can be found on the Department of Home Affairs website. Basically, the parent remaining behind would state that he or she gives consent for the minor child to leave the Republic of South Africa and travel and/or relocate to Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

What can I do if the other parent does not want to consent to the minor child’s relocation to Mecca, Saudi Arabia?

If the parent remaining in South Africa does not want to consent to the minor child’s passport application and/or his or her relocation to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, then you would need to approach the Court. The Court, as upper guardian of the minor child, may order that the parent’s consent for the passport application and relocation be dispensed with. What this entails is submitting Court documents explaining why you want to relocate to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The other parent would also have an opportunity to give reasons why he or she objects. At the end of the process, the Court would determine what is in the minor child’s best interests. If it is in the minor child’s best interests to relocate to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the Court would make it possible despite the issue of consent or refusal.

What is the first step I should take if the other parent does not want to consent to the minor child’s passport application and/or relocation to Mecca, Saudi Arabia?

If the other parent does not want to consent to the passport application and/or the relocation of the minor child to Mecca, Saudi Arabia – in that case, we suggest you approach an attorney or advocate (trust account) to assist you with the legal process. He or she would then contact the other parent explaining the reasons for the relocation and request the necessary consent. If the parent remaining in South Africa does still not agree to the passport application and/or to the relocation to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, then the attorney or advocate will proceed to take the matter to court. The legal route can be expensive. However, it is necessary to make the relocation of the minor child possible. You may also attend to the legal process yourself.

Getting legal assistance or help with your relocation application to Mecca, Saudi Arabia

If you require legal assistance or representation with relocating to Mecca, Saudi Arabia due to the other parent not cooperating or providing consent, then feel free to contact us for assistance. The Firm Advocate, Muhammad Abduroaf, deals with these types of matters.

I have a maintenance order for my children – but the father of my children does not pay. Is this allowed? What can I do?

Non-compliance with Maintenance Orders — Civil and Criminal Remedies

[Updated on 12 October 2020]

Many mothers (and sometimes fathers) go through great lengths to obtain a maintenance order against the other parent. This the mother found necessary as the father either did not want to pay child support at all or not an adequate amount. The mother then had to approach the maintenance court, for assistance. The process could have taken many months and sometimes, over a year to finalise. But now that she has the Order, he still does not pay. Can she do anything? Or does she only have in her possession a useless piece of paper with the word “Order” written on it? Before we tackle the above scenario, this blog post does not only deal with non-compliance with maintenance orders originating in the maintenance court. Most divorce orders made, where there were minor children involved have in it child maintenance provisions. The divorce court (High Court or Family Court) would not divorce the couple unless it is satisfied that the child’s best interests are taken care of after a decree is granted. And in many cases, the divorce could have taken months, if not years to finalised. And in those very cases, the amount of child maintenance to be paid was the stumbling block. Moving forward, this blog post would then be useful to anyone that has a maintenance order in place, and which is not being complied with. The provisions that are not being complied with may either relate to the cash component, school fees, medical aid and so on. Some maintenance orders are vague which causes problems when it comes to its enforcement. Therefore, ensure that your maintenance order is simple, and to the point.

What can the mother do if the father does not pay maintenance?

There are a few routes a parent can follow when a maintenance order is not complied with. For the purpose of this article, we will presume that the Maintenance Order was granted in the Maintenance Court. If it was granted in the High Court, for example, there are other options which may, or may not be as effective as that afforded by the Maintenance Act 99 of 1998 which we deal with below. It all depends on the facts of the case. When it comes to the Maintenance Act, there are two routes. The one is the civil route, and the other, the criminal route. Let us next unpack the law.

Civil Route in the Maintenance Court

The Maintenance Act

Chapter 5 of the Maintenance Act 99 of 1998 deals with the civil execution of maintenance orders. We pasted sections 26 to 30 of the Act below for your convenience. You therefore do not have to search the web and read through endless documents and sections to get to the right place. It is all here. The sections are quite long but provides useful information for someone searching the web for answers. Below that, we provide the regulations. It is always advisable to read any Act with its accompanying regulations. “26 Enforcement of maintenance or other orders (1) Whenever any person- (a) against whom any maintenance order has been made has failed to make any particular payment in accordance with that maintenance order; or (b) against whom any order for the payment of a specified sum of money has been made under section 16 (1) (a) (ii), 20 or 21 (4) has failed to make such a payment, such order shall be enforceable in respect of any amount which that person has so failed to pay, together with any interest thereon- (i) by execution against property as contemplated in section 27; (ii) by the attachment of emoluments as contemplated in section 28; or (iii) by the attachment of any debt as contemplated in section 30. (2) (a) If any maintenance order or any order made under section 16 (1) (a) (ii), 20 or 21 (4) has remained unsatisfied for a period of ten days from the day on which the relevant amount became payable or any such order was made, as the case may be, the person in whose favour any such order was made may apply to the maintenance court where that person is resident- (i) for the authorisation of the issue of a warrant of execution referred to in section 27 (1); (ii) for an order for the attachment of emoluments referred to in section 28 (1); or (iii) for an order for the attachment of any debt referred to in section 30 (1). (b) The application shall be made in the prescribed manner and shall be accompanied by- (i) a copy of the maintenance or other order in question; and (ii) a statement under oath or affirmation setting forth the amount which the person against whom such order was made has failed to pay. (3) A maintenance court shall not authorise the issue of a warrant of execution or make any order for the attachment of emoluments or any debt in order to satisfy a maintenance order- (a) if the payment of maintenance in accordance with that maintenance order has been suspended by an appeal against the order under section 25; or (b) if that maintenance court has made an order referred to in section 16 (2). (4) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any law, any pension, annuity, gratuity or compassionate allowance or other similar benefit shall be liable to be attached or subjected to execution under any warrant of execution or any order issued or made under this Chapter in order to satisfy a maintenance order. 27 Warrants of execution (1) The maintenance court may, on the application of a person referred to in section 26 (2) (a), authorise the issue of a warrant of execution against the movable property of the person against whom the maintenance or other order in question was made and, if the movable property is insufficient to satisfy such order, then against the immovable property of the latter person to the amount necessary to cover the amount which the latter person has failed to pay, together with any interest thereon, as well as the costs of the execution. (2) (a) A warrant of execution authorised under this section shall be- (i) prepared in the prescribed manner by the person in whose favour the maintenance or other order in question was made; (ii) issued in the prescribed manner by the clerk of the maintenance court; and (iii) executed in the prescribed manner by the sheriff or maintenance investigator. (b) The person in whose favour the maintenance or other order in question was made shall be assisted by the maintenance investigator or, in the absence of a maintenance investigator, by the maintenance officer in taking the prescribed steps to facilitate the execution of the warrant. (3) A maintenance court may, on application in the prescribed manner by a person against whom a warrant of execution has been issued under this section, set aside the warrant of execution if the maintenance court is satisfied that he or she has complied with the maintenance or other order in question. (4) A maintenance court may, on application in the prescribed manner by a person against whom a warrant of execution has been issued under this section- (a) in summary manner enquire into the circumstances mentioned in subsection (5); and (b) if the maintenance court so decides, suspend the warrant of execution and make an order- (i) for the attachment of emoluments referred to in section 28 (1); or (ii) for the attachment of any debt referred to in section 30 (1). (5) At the enquiry the maintenance court shall take into consideration- (a) the existing and prospective means of the person against whom the warrant of execution has been issued; (b) the financial needs and obligations of, or in respect of, the person maintained by the person against whom the warrant of execution has been issued; (c) the conduct of the person against whom the warrant of execution has been issued in so far as it may be relevant concerning his or her failure to satisfy the maintenance or other order in question; and (d) the other circumstances which should, in the opinion of the court, be taken into consideration. (6) (a) Any person who wishes to make an application under subsection (3) or (4) shall give notice in the prescribed manner of his or her intention to make the application to the person in whose favour the maintenance or other order in question was made, which notice shall be served at least 14 days before the day on which the application is to be heard. (b) The maintenance court may call upon- (i) the person who has made the application to adduce such evidence, either in writing or orally, in support of his or her application as the maintenance court may consider necessary; or (ii) the person in whose favour the maintenance or other order in question was made to adduce such evidence, either in writing or orally, in rebuttal of the application as the maintenance court may consider necessary. 28 Attachment of emoluments (1) A maintenance court may- (a) on the application of a person referred in section 26 (2) (a); or (b) when such court suspends the warrant of execution under section 27 (4) (b), make an order for the attachment of any emoluments at present or in future owing or accruing to the person against whom the maintenance or other order in question was made to the amount necessary to cover the amount which the latter person has failed to pay, together with any interest thereon, as well as the costs of the attachment or execution, which order shall authorise any employer of the latter person to make on behalf of the latter person such payments as may be specified in the order from the emoluments of the latter person until such amount, interest and costs have been paid in full. (2) (a) An order under this section may at any time, on good cause shown, be suspended, amended or rescinded by the maintenance court. (b) Any person who wishes to make an application for the suspension, amendment or rescission of an order under this section shall give notice in the prescribed manner of his or her intention to make the application to the person in whose favour that order was made, which notice shall be served at least 14 days before the day on which the application is to be heard. (c) The maintenance court may call upon- (i) the person who has made the application to adduce such evidence, either in writing or orally, in support of his or her application as the maintenance court may consider necessary; or (ii) the person in whose favour an order under this section was made to adduce such evidence, either in writing or orally, in rebuttal of the application as the maintenance court may consider necessary. 29 Notice relating to attachment of emoluments (1) In order to give effect to an order for the attachment of emoluments referred to in section 28 (1), the maintenance officer shall, within seven days after the day on which such order was made by the maintenance court or whenever it is afterwards required, in the prescribed manner cause a notice, together with a copy of such order, to be served on the employer concerned directing that employer to make the payments specified in the notice at the times and in the manner so specified. (2) Whenever any person to whom the notice relates leaves the service of the employer, that employer shall, within seven days after the day on which he or she so leaves the service, give notice thereof in the prescribed manner to the maintenance officer of the court where the order in question was made. (3) Any employer on whom a notice has been served for the purposes of satisfying a maintenance order shall give priority to the payments specified in that notice over any order of court requiring payments to be made from the emoluments due to the person against whom that maintenance order was made. (4) If any employer on whom a notice has been served for the purposes of satisfying a maintenance order has failed to make any particular payment in accordance with that notice, that maintenance order may be enforced against that employer in respect of any amount which that employer has so failed to pay, and the provisions of this Chapter shall, with the necessary changes, apply in respect of that employer, subject to that employer’s right or the right of the person against whom that maintenance order was made to dispute the validity of the order for the attachment of emoluments referred to in section 28 (1). 30 Attachment of debts (1) A maintenance court may- (a) on the application of a person referred to in section 26 (2) (a); or (b) when such court suspends the warrant of execution under section 27 (4) (b), make an order for the attachment of any debt at present or in future owing or accruing to the person against whom the maintenance or other order in question was made to the amount necessary to cover the amount which the latter person has failed to pay, together with any interest thereon, as well as the costs of the attachment or execution, which order shall direct the person who has incurred the obligation to pay the debt to make such payment as may be specified in that order within the time and in the manner so specified. (2) (a) An order under this section may at any time, on good cause shown, be suspended, amended or rescinded by the maintenance court. (b) Any person who wishes to make an application for the suspension, amendment or rescission of an order under this section shall give notice of his or her intention to make the application to the person in whose favour that order was made, which notice shall be served at least 14 days before the day on which the application is to be heard. (c) The maintenance court may call upon- (i) the person who has made the application to adduce such evidence, either in writing or orally, in support of his or her application as the maintenance court may consider necessary; or (ii) the person in whose favour an order under this section was made to adduce such evidence, either in writing or orally, in rebuttal of the application as the maintenance court may consider necessary. (3) An order made under subsection (1) may be enforced as if it were a civil judgment of the court.”

The Regulations to the Maintenance Act

Chapter 3 of the Regulations to the Maintenance Act, deals with civil executions. Again, we provide it below. “Application for enforcement of maintenance or other orders

An application for –

(a) the authorisation of the issue of a warrant of execution; (b) an order for the attachment of emoluments; or (c) an order for the attachment of any debt, contemplated in section 26(2)(a) of the Act, shall substantially correspond with Form K of the Annexure. Warrant of execution

(1) A warrant of execution, contemplated in section 27 of the Act, shall –

(a) substantially correspond with Form L of the Annexure; and (b) be prepared in triplicate. (2) The person in whose favour the order was made shall prepare Part A of Form L of the Annexure and thereafter lodge the said form with the clerk of the maintenance court concerned. (3) On receipt of the warrant of execution referred to in subregulation (2) the clerk of the maintenance court shall issue the warrant of execution if he or she is satisfied that (a) authorisation for the issuing of a warrant of execution was granted; and (b) the warrant of execution has been properly prepared, by preparing Part B of Form L of the Annexure. (4) The clerk of the maintenance court shall after the warrant of execution has been issued (a) return the original warrant of execution and one copy thereof to the person in whose favour the order was made; and (b) file the second copy of the warrant of execution in the relevant file. (5) Any change on the warrant of execution shall be initialled by the clerk of the maintenance court. (6) The person authorised to execute a warrant of execution shall complete Part C and, if applicable, Part D of Form L of the Annexure and return the form to the clerk of the maintenance court. Particulars of persons authorised to execute warrant of execution

A maintenance investigator or maintenance officer shall submit to the person in whose

favour the order was made particulars of the person authorised to execute the warrant of execution. Application for the setting aside of a warrant of execution

(1) An application for the setting aside of a warrant of execution by a person against

whom such warrant has been issued, contemplated in section 27(3) of the Act, shall substantially correspond with Part A of Form M of the Annexure. (2)(a) A notice of an application for the setting aside of a warrant of execution, contemplated in section 27(6)(a) of the Act, shall substantially correspond with Part B of Form M of the Annexure. (b) A person who applied for the setting aside of a warrant of execution shall submit the notice referred to in paragraph (a) to the person in whose favour the warrant of execution was issued in any manner convenient to him or her, subject thereto that the person who submits the notice shall keep record of the manner in which the notice was submitted. Attachment of emoluments

(1) An application for the suspension, amendment or rescission of an order for the

attachment of emoluments, contemplated in section 28(2) (a) of the Act, shall substantially correspond with Part A of Form N of the Annexure. (2) (a) A notice of an application for the suspension, amendment or recission of an order for the attachment of emoluments, contemplated in section 28(2)(b) of the Act, shall substantially correspond with Part B of Form N of the Annexure. (b) A person who applied for the suspension, amendment or recission of an order for the attachment of emoluments shall submit the notice referred to in paragraph (a) to the person in whose favour the order for the attachment of emoluments was made in any manner convenient to him or her, subject thereto that the person who submits the notice shall keep record of the manner in which the notice was submitted. (3)(a) A notice, contemplated in section 29(1) of the Act, to an employer shall substantially correspond with Part A of Form O of the Annexure. (b) The service of a notice referred to in paragraph (a) shall be in accordance with the provisions of regulation 26(1) or (2), as the case may be. (c) The return of service of a notice referred to in paragraph (a), if the notice is served in accordance with the provisions of regulation 26(1), shall substantially correspond with Part B of Form O of the Annexure. (4) (a) A notice, contemplated in section 29(2) of the Act, by the employer that the person against whom the order for the attachment of emoluments was made has left his or her service, shall substantially correspond with Part C of Form O of the Annexure. (b) The notice referred to in paragraph (a) shall be submitted to the maintenance officer of the court where the order was made in any manner convenient to him or her, subject thereto that the person who submits the notice shall keep record of the manner in which the notice was submitted. Attachment of debts

(1) An application for the suspension, amendment or rescission of an order for the

attachment of debts, contemplated in section 30(2) of the Act, shall substantially correspond with Part A of Form P of the Annexure. (2) (a) A notice of an application for the suspension, amendment or recission of an order for the attachment of debts, contemplated in section 30(2) of the Act, shall substantially correspond with Part B of Form P of the Annexure. (b) A person who applied for the suspension, amendment or recission of an order for the attachment of debts shall submit a notice referred to in paragraph (a) to the person in whose favour the order for the attachment of debts was made in any manner convenient to him or her, subject thereto that the person who submits the notice shall keep record of the manner in which the notice was submitted.

Summary on civil execution

From the above, it is clear that when it comes to the civil route, there are three (3) options to follow in order to obtain unpaid maintenance. They are: (1) by execution against property; (2) by the attachment of emoluments (Garnishee Order); and (3) by the attachment of any debt.

How do you go about making use of the civil route?

The complainant must approach the maintenance court and make the necessary application. He or she would fill in a “Form K” which is headed “APPLICATION FOR ENFORCEMENT OF MAINTENANCE OR OTHER ORDER IN TERMS OF SECTION 26 OF THE MAINTENANCE ACT, 1998 (ACT No. 99 OF 1998)”. On the application, you should write down all relevant information, including how the amount owed is calculated and the whereabouts of the defaulting party. It is advised that you go to court with proof that the monies were not paid. Therefore, if maintenance had to be paid into your bank account, take a printout of your bank statements with to show that monies were not paid. You must also state what relief you want as outlined above. Once your application is in order, and by way of example you asked for attachment of emoluments, an order may be made against the defaulter’s employer to the effect that he or she makes payment directly to you by deducting it from the defaulting party’s salary. If the defaulter is unemployed and has property, then the route to follow is to ask for the execution of property. This means that the property would be sold and what is owing to you would be paid to you. Now let us move on to the criminal route.

Criminal procedure

It is a criminal offence not to adhere to a maintenance order. Furthermore, one can be convicted for that. You can be liable on conviction to a fine or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding one year or to such imprisonment without the option of a fine. This is serious. Now let us unpack the law.

The Maintenance Act 99 of 1998

Chapter 4 of the Maintenance Act deals with Offences and Orders relating to prosecutions when it comes to non-compliance with maintenance orders. We copied it below for your convenience. “CHAPTER 6 OFFENCES AND PENALTIES (ss 31-39) 31 Offences relating to maintenance orders (1) Subject to the provisions of subsection (2), any person who fails to make any particular payment in accordance with a maintenance order shall be guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to a fine or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding three years or to such imprisonment without the option of a fine. (2) If the defence is raised in any prosecution for an offence under this section that any failure to pay maintenance in accordance with a maintenance order was due to lack of means on the part of the person charged, he or she shall not merely on the grounds of such defence be entitled to an acquittal if it is proved that the failure was due to his or her unwillingness to work or misconduct. (3) If the name of a person stated in a maintenance order as the person against whom the maintenance order has been made corresponds substantially to the name of the particular person prosecuted for an offence under this section, any copy of the maintenance order certified as a true copy by a person who purports to be the registrar or clerk of the court or other officer having the custody of the records of the court in the Republic where the maintenance order was made, shall on its production be prima facie proof of the fact that the maintenance order was made against the person so prosecuted. (4) If a person has been convicted of an offence under this section, the maintenance officer may, notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any law, furnish that person’s personal particulars to any business which has as its object the granting of credit or is involved in the credit rating of persons. 32 Offences relating to examination of persons by maintenance officer (1) The provisions of sections 164 (2), 188 and 189 of the Criminal Procedure Act, 1977 (Act 51 of 1977), shall, with the necessary changes, apply in respect of a person required to appear before a magistrate under section 8, and the magistrate may, subject to subsection (2), exercise in respect of that person all the powers conferred by section 170 (2) of the said Act and the said section 189 on the court referred to in those sections. (2) A person who is required to appear before a magistrate and who refuses or fails to furnish the information in question shall not be sentenced to imprisonment as contemplated in section 189 of the Criminal Procedure Act, 1977, unless the magistrate is also of the opinion that the furnishing of such information is necessary for the administration of justice.

CHAPTER 7 ORDERS RELATING TO PROSECUTIONS (ss 40-41)

40 Recovery of arrear maintenance (1) A court with civil jurisdiction convicting any person of an offence under section 31 (1) may, on the application of the public prosecutor and in addition to or in lieu of any penalty which the court may impose in respect of that offence, grant an order for the recovery from the convicted person of any amount he or she has failed to pay in accordance with the maintenance order, together with any interest thereon, whereupon the order so granted shall have the effect of a civil judgment of the court and shall, subject to subsection (2), be executed in the prescribed manner. (2) A court granting an order against a convicted person may- (a) in a summary manner enquire into the circumstances mentioned in subsection (3); and (b) if the court so decides, authorise the issue of a warrant of execution against the movable or immovable property of the convicted person in order to satisfy such order. (3) At the enquiry, the court shall take into consideration- (a) the existing and prospective means of the convicted person; (b) the financial needs and obligations of, or in respect of, the person maintained by the convicted person; (c) the conduct of the convicted person in so far as it may be relevant concerning his or her failure to pay in accordance with the maintenance order; and (d) the other circumstances which should, in the opinion of the court, be taken into consideration. (4) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any law, any pension, annuity, gratuity or compassionate allowance or other similar benefit shall be liable to be attached or subjected to execution under an order granted under this section. 41 Conversion of criminal proceedings into maintenance enquiry If during the course of any proceedings in a magistrate’s court in respect of- (a) an offence referred to in section 31 (1); or (b) the enforcement of any sentence suspended on condition that the convicted person make periodical payments of sums of money towards the maintenance of any other person, it appears to the court that it is desirable that a maintenance enquiry be held, or when the public prosecutor so requests, the court shall convert the proceedings into such enquiry.” Now let us move on to the regulations

Regulations to the Maintenance Act dealing with the Criminal Route

“OFFENCES AND ORDERS RELATING TO PROSECUTIONS Complaints of failure to comply with orders

A complaint regarding a failure to make a payment in accordance with a maintenance

order shall substantially correspond with Form Q of the Annexure. Recovery of arrear maintenance

(1) The clerk of the court shall submit a certified copy of an order made by the court in

terms of section 40 of the Act to the clerk of the civil court for registration of such order. (2) The clerk of the civil court shall – (a) register the order referred to in subregulation (1) by numbering it with the following consecutive case number for the year during which it is registered; and (b) inform the maintenance officer of the maintenance court where the maintenance order was made and the person in whose favour the order was made of the registration and the number of the case. (3) The provisions of the Act relating to civil execution shall, with the necessary changes, apply in respect of the execution of an order referred to in subregulation (1).”

Summary of the Criminal Route

Should the person against whom a maintenance order was made, not comply with it, the party who should receive maintenance may approach the maintenance court and lay a criminal complaint. The complainant would fill in a “Form Q” headed “COMPLAINT OF FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH A MAINTENANCE ORDER FOR PURPOSES OF SECTION 31(1) OF THE MAINTENANCE ACT, 1998 (ACT No. 99 OF 1998)”. On the form, you should state how the defaulter failed to comply with the order and also what amount is outstanding. Once you successfully laid your complaint, the maintenance court would subpoena the defaulter to the criminal courts. The defaulter has the right to legal representation prior to a trial date being arranged. Once a date has been arranged for trial you would be subpoenaed as a witness and give evidence as to the maintenance order, the outstanding amount that the defaulter failed to pay and anything else that is relevant. As the proceedings are criminal, the State would prosecute the defaulter and you would be their witness. Therefore, the public prosecutor would ask you questions and then the defaulter or his attorney or advocate will cross-examine you. If a foundation has been laid by the State, then the defaulter would get a chance to outline his defense to the court and the public prosecutor would then cross-examine him or her. Should the court find the defaulter guilty, then on the request of the “public prosecutor and in addition to or in lieu of any penalty which the court may have imposed grant an order for the recovery from the convicted person of any amount he or she has failed to pay in accordance with the maintenance order together with any interest thereon. Whereupon the order so granted shall have the effect of a civil judgment of the court…” This means that the order may be used to sell the convicted person’s property.

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