What is the Status of Muslim Marriage in South Africa?

Women’s Legal Centre Trust v President of the Republic of South Africa and Others (CCT 24/21) [2022] ZACC 23; 2022 (5) SA 323 (CC); 2023 (1) BCLR 80 (CC) (28 June 2022)

In the case of Women’s Legal Centre Trust v President of the Republic of South Africa and Others (CCT 24/21) [2022] ZACC 23; 2022 (5) SA 323 (CC); 2023 (1) BCLR 80 (CC) (28 June 2022), the Constitutional Court deal with an issue relating to Muslim Marriage. The parties in the case where the following:

WOMEN’S LEGAL CENTRE TRUST Applicant

and

PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA First Respondent

MINISTER OF JUSTICE AND CONSTITUTIONAL

DEVELOPMENT Second Respondent

MINISTER OF HOME AFFAIRS Third Respondent

SPEAKER OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY Fourth Respondent

CHAIRPERSON OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL

OF PROVINCES Fifth Respondent

SOUTH AFRICAN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION Sixth Respondent

COMMISSION FOR THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION

OF THE RIGHTS OF CULTURAL, RELIGIOUS

AND LINGUISTIC COMMUNITIES Seventh Respondent

LAJNATUN NISAA-IL MUSLIMAAT (ASSOCIATION

OF MUSLIM WOMEN OF SOUTH AFRICA) Eighth Respondent

and

COMMISSION FOR GENDER EQUALITY Intervening Party

and

MUSLIM ASSEMBLY CAPE First Amicus Curiae

UNITED ULAMA COUNCIL OF SOUTH AFRICA Second Amicus Curiae

The Constitutional Court gave the following ruling:

“On application for confirmation of an order of constitutional invalidity granted by the Supreme Court of Appeal: 1. The Supreme Court of Appeal’s order of constitutional invalidity is confirmed: 1.1. The Marriage Act 25 of 1961 (Marriage Act) and the Divorce Act 70 of 1979 (Divorce Act) are declared to be inconsistent with sections 9, 10, 28 and 34 of the Constitution in that they fail to recognise marriages solemnised in accordance with Sharia law (Muslim marriages) which have not been registered as civil marriages, as valid marriages for all purposes in South Africa, and to regulate the consequences of such recognition. 1.2. It is declared that section 6 of the Divorce Act is inconsistent with sections 9, 10, 28(2) and 34 of the Constitution, insofar as it fails to provide for mechanisms to safeguard the welfare of minor or dependent children born of Muslim marriages, at the time of dissolution of the Muslim marriage in the same or similar manner as it provides for mechanisms to safeguard the welfare of minor or dependent children born of other marriages that are dissolved. 1.3. It is declared that section 7(3) of the Divorce Act is inconsistent with sections 9, 10, and 34 of the Constitution, insofar as it fails to provide for the redistribution of assets, on the dissolution of a Muslim marriage, when such redistribution would be just. 1.4. It is declared that section 9(1) of the Divorce Act is inconsistent with sections 9, 10 and 34 of the Constitution, insofar as it fails to make provision for the forfeiture of the patrimonial benefits of a Muslim marriage at the time of its dissolution in the same or similar terms as it does in respect of other marriages that are dissolved. 1.5. The common law definition of marriage is declared to be inconsistent with the Constitution and invalid to the extent that it excludes Muslim marriages. 1.6. The declarations of invalidity in paragraphs 1.1 to 1.5 above are suspended for a period of 24 months to enable the President and Cabinet, together with Parliament, to remedy the foregoing defects by either amending existing legislation, or initiating and passing new legislation within 24 months, in order to ensure the recognition of Muslim marriages as valid marriages for all purposes in South Africa and to regulate the consequences arising from such recognition. 1.7. Pending the coming into force of legislation or amendments to existing legislation referred to in paragraph 1.6, it is declared that Muslim marriages subsisting at 15 December 2014, being the date when this action was instituted in the High Court, or which had been terminated in terms of Sharia law as at 15 December 2014, but in respect of which legal proceedings have been instituted and which proceedings have not been finally determined as at the date of this order, may be dissolved in accordance with the Divorce Act as follows: (a) all the provisions of the Divorce Act shall be applicable, save that all Muslim marriages shall be treated as if they are out of community of property, except where there are agreements to the contrary, and (b) the provisions of section 7(3) of Divorce Act shall apply to such a union regardless of when it was concluded. (c) In the case of a husband who is a spouse in more than one Muslim marriage, the court: (i) shall take into consideration all relevant factors, including any contract or agreement between the relevant spouses, and must make any equitable order that it deems just; and (ii) may order that any person who in the court’s opinion has a sufficient interest in the matter be joined in the proceedings. 1.8. Pending the coming into force of legislation or amendments to existing legislation referred to in paragraph 1.6, it is declared that, from the date of this order, section 12(2) of the Children’s Act 38 of 2005 applies to a prospective spouse in a Muslim marriage concluded after the date of this order. 1.9. Pending the coming into force of legislation or amendments to existing legislation referred to in paragraph 1.6, for the purpose of paragraph 1.8 above, the provisions of sections 3(1)(a), 3(3)(a) and 3(3)(b), 3(4)(a) and 3(4)(b), and 3(5) of the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act 120 of 1998 shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to Muslim marriages. 1.10. If administrative or practical problems arise in the implementation of this order, any interested person may approach this Court for a variation of this order. 1.11. The Department of Home Affairs and the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development shall publish a summary of the orders in paragraphs 1.1 to 1.10 above widely in newspapers and on radio stations, whichever is feasible, without delay. 2. The conditional cross appeal by the Women’s Legal Centre Trust, and the appeals by the South African Human Rights Commission and Commission for Gender Equality are dismissed. 3. The President and the Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development must pay the Women’s Legal Centre Trust’s costs of this application, including the costs of two counsel.”

Status of Muslim Marriages in South Africa

Considering the latter judgment, Muslim Marriages are seen as valid marriages. However, the South African legal framework needs to be changed to allow for its incorporation.

Posted on 11 February 2025 by Telelaw

What is the Status of Muslim Marriage in South Africa?

Women’s Legal Centre Trust v President of the Republic of South Africa and Others (CCT 24/21) [2022] ZACC 23; 2022 (5) SA 323 (CC); 2023 (1) BCLR 80 (CC) (28 June 2022)

WOMEN’S LEGAL CENTRE TRUST Applicant

and

PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA First Respondent

MINISTER OF JUSTICE AND CONSTITUTIONAL

DEVELOPMENT Second Respondent

MINISTER OF HOME AFFAIRS Third Respondent

SPEAKER OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY Fourth Respondent

CHAIRPERSON OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL

OF PROVINCES Fifth Respondent

SOUTH AFRICAN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION Sixth Respondent

COMMISSION FOR THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION

OF THE RIGHTS OF CULTURAL, RELIGIOUS

AND LINGUISTIC COMMUNITIES Seventh Respondent

LAJNATUN NISAA-IL MUSLIMAAT (ASSOCIATION

OF MUSLIM WOMEN OF SOUTH AFRICA) Eighth Respondent

and

COMMISSION FOR GENDER EQUALITY Intervening Party

and

MUSLIM ASSEMBLY CAPE First Amicus Curiae

UNITED ULAMA COUNCIL OF SOUTH AFRICA Second Amicus Curiae

The Constitutional Court gave the following ruling:

“On application for confirmation of an order of constitutional invalidity granted by the Supreme Court of Appeal:

1. The Supreme Court of Appeal’s order of constitutional invalidity is confirmed:

1.1. The Marriage Act 25 of 1961 (Marriage Act) and the Divorce Act 70 of 1979 (Divorce Act) are declared to be inconsistent with sections 9, 10, 28 and 34 of the Constitution in that they fail to recognise marriages solemnised in accordance with Sharia law (Muslim marriages) which have not been registered as civil marriages, as valid marriages for all purposes in South Africa, and to regulate the consequences of such recognition.

1.2. It is declared that section 6 of the Divorce Act is inconsistent with sections 9, 10, 28(2) and 34 of the Constitution, insofar as it fails to provide for mechanisms to safeguard the welfare of minor or dependent children born of Muslim marriages, at the time of dissolution of the Muslim marriage in the same or similar manner as it provides for mechanisms to safeguard the welfare of minor or dependent children born of other marriages that are dissolved.

1.3. It is declared that section 7(3) of the Divorce Act is inconsistent with sections 9, 10, and 34 of the Constitution, insofar as it fails to provide for the redistribution of assets, on the dissolution of a Muslim marriage, when such redistribution would be just.

1.4. It is declared that section 9(1) of the Divorce Act is inconsistent with sections 9, 10 and 34 of the Constitution, insofar as it fails to make provision for the forfeiture of the patrimonial benefits of a Muslim marriage at the time of its dissolution in the same or similar terms as it does in respect of other marriages that are dissolved.

1.5. The common law definition of marriage is declared to be inconsistent with the Constitution and invalid to the extent that it excludes Muslim marriages.

1.6. The declarations of invalidity in paragraphs 1.1 to 1.5 above are suspended for a period of 24 months to enable the President and Cabinet, together with Parliament, to remedy the foregoing defects by either amending existing legislation, or initiating and passing new legislation within 24 months, in order to ensure the recognition of Muslim marriages as valid marriages for all purposes in South Africa and to regulate the consequences arising from such recognition.

1.7. Pending the coming into force of legislation or amendments to existing legislation referred to in paragraph 1.6, it is declared that Muslim marriages subsisting at 15 December 2014, being the date when this action was instituted in the High Court, or which had been terminated in terms of Sharia law as at 15 December 2014, but in respect of which legal proceedings have been instituted and which proceedings have not been finally determined as at the date of this order, may be dissolved in accordance with the Divorce Act as follows:

(a) all the provisions of the Divorce Act shall be applicable, save that all Muslim marriages shall be treated as if they are out of community of property, except where there are agreements to the contrary, and

(b) the provisions of section 7(3) of Divorce Act shall apply to such a union regardless of when it was concluded.

(i) shall take into consideration all relevant factors, including any contract or agreement between the relevant spouses, and must make any equitable order that it deems just; and

(ii) may order that any person who in the court’s opinion has a sufficient interest in the matter be joined in the proceedings.

1.8. Pending the coming into force of legislation or amendments to existing legislation referred to in paragraph 1.6, it is declared that, from the date of this order, section 12(2) of the Children’s Act 38 of 2005 applies to a prospective spouse in a Muslim marriage concluded after the date of this order.

1.9. Pending the coming into force of legislation or amendments to existing legislation referred to in paragraph 1.6, for the purpose of paragraph 1.8 above, the provisions of sections 3(1)(a), 3(3)(a) and 3(3)(b), 3(4)(a) and 3(4)(b), and 3(5) of the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act 120 of 1998 shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to Muslim marriages.

1.10. If administrative or practical problems arise in the implementation of this order, any interested person may approach this Court for a variation of this order.

1.11. The Department of Home Affairs and the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development shall publish a summary of the orders in paragraphs 1.1 to 1.10 above widely in newspapers and on radio stations, whichever is feasible, without delay.

2. The conditional cross appeal by the Women’s Legal Centre Trust, and the appeals by the South African Human Rights Commission and Commission for Gender Equality are dismissed.

3. The President and the Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development must pay the Women’s Legal Centre Trust’s costs of this application, including the costs of two counsel.”

Status of Muslim Marriages in South Africa

Considering the latter judgment, Muslim Marriages are seen as valid marriages. However, the South African legal framework needs to be changed to allow for its incorporation.

Top tips from a Senior Family Law Advocate on how to deal with your Child Custody matter in the Empangeni Children’s Court

Family law legal matters can be very stressful. This is so whether you live in Empangeni or any other city in South Africa. Especially so if you have no idea how the legal processes work. It is one thing to know that you are entitled to child support, but it is a totally different matter to know the law and procedure on how to claim child support. Luckily in child maintenance matters, the maintenance court is there to assist you in completing the application form. However, many times that is not enough. Especially so if the other parent has a lawyer and knows how to present the case for his or her client.
This article, however, deals with some top tips in care and contact or custody matters in the Children’s Court in Empangeni. It would explain the processes involved and advise on how to be best prepared for your matter. This advice is applicable whether you live in Empangeni or any other city in South Africa.
What to do before visiting the Empangeni Children’s Court
Before you approach the Children’s Court in Empangeni, first try to resolve the issues with the other parent. Therefore, if you want more contact with your child and the other parent is refusing, try to resolve the matter first with that parent. If that does not work, try mediation. The mediator can be anyone, from a trusted mutual friend, priest, or other religious leaders, or a professional like an attorney, psychologist, or the office of the Family Advocate. Empangeni has many professionals that can assist you in this regard. If resolving the matter by yourselves is not possible, or mediation fails, then we suggest you approach the Empangeni Children’s Court for assistance.
TIP: Focus on getting someone neutral to assist in mediating your matter. Organisations like FAMSA and FAMAC can be of assistance. Google them.
Approaching the Empangeni Children’s Court
The Empangeni Children’s Court should be approached if it is the closest Children’s Court to you. You need to verify with the Empangeni Children’s Court that you fall under their area of jurisdiction. If not, they would direct you to which Children’s Court is applicable to you.
Once you arrive at the Empangeni Children’s Court, they will provide you with a form headed “Bringing Matter to Court in Terms of Section 53 Children’s Act, 2005 (Act no. 38 of 2005) Regulation Relating to Children’s Court and International Child Abduction, 2008 [Regulation 6]. This form is also called Form 2.
In this form, you will provide all your particulars and that of the child or children and the other parent. The sections in the form are as follows:
PART A: PARTICULARS OF CHILD(REN)
PART B: PARTICULARS OF CHILD WHO IS AFFECTED BY OR INVOLVED IN THE MATTER/PERSON ACTING IN THE INTEREST OF THE CHILD/ON BEHALF OF THE CHILD WHO CANNOT ACT IN HIS/HER OWN NAME/ MEMBER OF A GROUP OF CLASS OF CHILDREN/*IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST (SECTION 53(2)
PART C: PARTICULARS OF PERSONS HAVING AN INTEREST IN THE MATTER
PART D: PARTICULARS OF MATTER
In part D, the following is stated which you need to provide in the form:
Nature of matter brought to Court: (Please give full details of the matter e.g., registration/amendment of parenting plans, removal of child to safe care, children in need of care and protection, placement in youth care centers, adoption etc.
Documents: Are there any documents relating to the matter? (If so please attach)
Once you have completed the form and attached the relevant documents to it, you must take it to a commissioner of Oaths to have it commissioned. It does not have to be in Empangeni.
TIP: Draft a separate affidavit explaining your case. Outline some background information and reasons why the Court should give you what you request. Attach it to Form 2.
Processing your Application at the Empangeni Children’s Court
Once you complete the Form A and submit it to the Clerk of the Empangeni Children’s Court, they will process it and allocate it a case number or reference number. The Clerk of the Court would then allocate a date to the matter and advise the parties accordingly when the court date is. Please note that some courts follow a different process for processing the application and informing the parties of the court date. Please enquire from the Court when making the application what process they follow.
TIP: Obtain the contact details of the Court for you to contact them to obtain the Court date or other information. Ask for their contact number and email address.
Appearing in the Empangeni Children’s Court
When notified of the Court date, both you and the other parent should attend. If you are making use of a lawyer (Advocate or Attorney), inform them timeously of the date. Depending on the Court, you may first see the Clerk or go directly to the Magistrate. The Children’s Court would do its best to try to resolve the matter. If the parents cannot come to an agreement, the Children’s Court may postpone the matter for either of the following:
Get a social worker involved in the matter;
Appoint a legal representative for the minor child;
Implement interim care and contact arrangements;
Having the parties attempt to agree on a parenting plan;

In serious matters, the Court may remove the minor child from both parents and place the child in foster care. The powers of the Children’s Court are extensive. It will, however, focus on what is in the child’s best interests.
TIP: Be as vocal as possible. Do not expect the Court to be understanding of your case or be on your side. It is your duty to explain your case and provide the Court with all the relevant information they require for them to make a fair decision.
Finalising the matter in the Empangeni Children’s Court
Once the Empangeni Children’s Court has enough information to make a final decision, it will do so. Depending on the facts of the matter, that could either be making a Parenting Plan, an Order of the Court or a final care and contact Order. The Court may even make further interim orders, where the parties are to return to Court after a few months, or a year later.
TIP: Do not agree to something just because the social worker, a lawyer, or the Court suggest it. You need to be happy with what is decided.
The above Empangeni Children’s Court Application tips should apply to the following provinces and cities:
Eastern Cape:
Alice, Butterworth, East London, Graaff-Reinet, Grahamstown, King William’s Town, Mthatha
Port Elizabeth, Queenstown, Uitenhage, Zwelitsha
Free State:
Bethlehem. Bloemfontein, Jagersfontein, Kroonstad, Odendaalsrus, Parys, Phuthaditjhaba, Sasolburg, Virginia, Welkom
Gauteng:
Benoni, Boksburg, Brakpan, Carletonville, Germiston, Johannesburg, Krugersdorp, Pretoria, Randburg, Randfontein, Roodepoort, Soweto, Springs, Vanderbijlpark, Vereeniging
KwaZulu-Natal:
Durban, Empangeni, Ladysmith, Newcastle, Pietermaritzburg, Pinetown, Ulundi, Umlazi
Limpopo:
Giyani, Lebowakgomo, Musina, Phalaborwa, Polokwane, Seshego, Sibasa, Thabazimbi
Mpumalanga:
Emalahleni, Nelspruit, Secunda, North West, Klerksdorp, Mahikeng, Mmabatho, Potchefstroom, Rustenburg, Northern Cape, Kimberley, Kuruman, Port Nolloth
Western Cape:
Bellville, Empangeni, Constantia, George, Hopefield, Oudtshoorn, Paarl, Simon’s Town, Stellenbosch, Swellendam, Worcester

Posted on 11 February 2025 by Telelaw

Advocate of the High Court of South Africa – Cape Town
Not many people know about the advocates’ profession. They hear of them, see them on television and read about them in newspapers. But what are they, and what do they do? To answer some of these questions, we got hold of Advocate Muhammad Abduroaf a practicing advocate from Cape Town, Western Cape, to assist us in unpacking this much misunderstood profession.

Advocate Muhammad Abduroaf – Cape Town

Advocate Muhammad Abduroaf is an admitted advocate of the High Court of South Africa. He holds chambers in the Pinnacle Building, 33 Burg Street, Cape Town, South Africa. He has been practising as an advocate for much over a decade and holds a wealth of experience on the ins and outs of the profession. Advocate Abduroaf has an LL.B and LL.M (Master of Laws) Degree on his shoulders. To learn more about the life of an advocate, please read on.

Advocates of the High Court of South Africa

Advocates play a very important role in society. They advise and represent their clients in complicated legal issues on an array of matters. Although advocates usually appear in the Higher Courts (High Court, Supreme Court of Appeal and Constitutional Court etc.), they do on occasion appear in the magistrates or lower courts and other forums. In order be become an advocate, you are required to have the necessary academic training in the form of an LL. B degree (Bachelor of Laws). This degree usually takes no less than 4 (four) years to complete at an accredited South African university. Furthermore, only a judge in the High Court can admit you as an Advocate after filing the necessary application. Many advocates then go on to form part of a society of advocates. If you wish to become and advocate, you would need to file your application at the High Court in the area where you reside, attach to it the necessary documents, and set the matter down for hearing when the High Court hears such applications. Admissions of attorneys, advocates, notaries and conveyancers usually take place on the first Friday of each month in the High Court. The Judges who preside over such applications are usually the Judge President and a less senior judge. Once you are admitted as an advocate of the High Court of South Africa, your name would be added to the roll of advocates.

How do advocates of the High Court get work?

Advocates receive their work from attorneys. In other words, a person from the public cannot directly instruct an advocate to do work for him or her. There are however certain exceptions. However, from August 2018, advocates with Trust Accounts may take on an instruction from a member of the public. An attorney’s intervention would therefore not be required. Under the latter scenario, the client would act as the attorney, do all the work the attorney would usually do, and then instruct the advocate to do what she does best. Sticking to the current legal position, the role of an advocate is closely linked to that of an attorney. The Attorney would meet with, and initially consult with the client, take instructions, and request a deposit of some sort. The deposit would be paid into the attorneys Trust Account. Should the matter require an advocate, the attorney would prepare a brief (or case file), with all relevant information in it and forward it to the advocate. The advocate would then act on the brief or instruction of the attorney and bill the attorney accordingly for services rendered in the case. If for instance the attorney did not request a deposit from the client beforehand, and nonetheless instructed the advocate; the attorney is still obliged to pay the advocate her fee. That would be a risk the attorney is taking.

What type of work does advocates do for attorneys or clients?

Advocates would usually do work that the attorney’s practice does not cater for. An attorney is usually a general legal practitioner, who runs a law office. This would entail meeting with clients on a regular basis, taking calls, writing letters, filing documents at court etc. As seen above, attorneys also need to prepare briefs for advocates and pay them. Therefore, an attorney can be seen as a case manager when it comes to dealing with an advocate, and cases in general. Therefore, you would never see an advocate writing a letter of demand.

Court work in the Magistrates and High Courts

An Advocate would be briefed to draft pleadings (court documents) as well as legal opinions. This type of work is very focused and requires a few hours at a time to be set aside for it. Advocates then also need to prepare for trials. In this regard, the case needs to be studies, strategies formulated, and possible questions needs to be drawn up. It takes a lot of time to work out what are good questions to be asked in cross examination of witnesses. The right question, can be the deciding factor in winning or losing a case. Therefore, an advocates office cannot be burdened with daily administrative tasks which attorneys best do. Arguments in legal cases in the Higher Court or Magistrates Court At the end of a court case, lawyers need to provide arguments to court as to why their case should succeed. Now let’s say there were five witnesses that were called to provide evidence in a divorce case. Each of them provided evidence on the witness stand for about a day. At the end of evidence presented, and the close of each party’s case, the advocate needs to go back to his chambers to prepare closing arguments. She needs to focus and apply her mind in finding the most convincing arguments based on the evidence presented in order to succeed in her case. She will bear in mind that there is an advocate who may try to discredit her arguments should they be weak or incorrect. In motion or application procedures, evidence is provided in affidavit form. Therefore, the parties do not go on the witness stand and say what happened. They do so in an affidavit and submit it to Court. A typical case where motion procedure is appropriate would be Child Custody matters. Once all the parties submitted their affidavits to court, the parties’ legal representatives would file, what they term, heads of argument.

Legal Opinions on Legal Matters or Court Cases

What advocates are often asked to do is to draft opinions on legal matters. Opinions are very useful if you would like to know if you have a winning case beforehand, or what the law says about your specific situation. A lot of time gets spent on drafting an opinion. This is so as the nature of the legal advice required in the opinion is mostly complicated. It is always advisable to obtain an opinion before litigating or taking a matter to court. Spending some money on a well drafted opinion can save you a lot in the future. This is especially so if you do not have a solid case at the outset. Therefore, should you lose your case, you would have had to pay your lawyers as well as the lawyers for the other side. This could all have been avoided if an opinion on the merits of success in your matter was provided.

What do advocates charge attorneys or clients for their services?

An advocate has to charge a reasonable fee for her services. However, what is reasonable depends on the facts of each case. An advocate with years of experience, or an expert on a specific aspect of law, would obviously charge much more than someone who has limited experience in a specific branch of law. It could also be that the new Advocate on the block may even take much more time to learn the law and figure things out. But in general, depending on your years of experience as an advocate, and the nature of the service provided; would determine the fees charged. We trust above brief summary of what an advocate is and what she does, provided by Advocate Muhammad Abduroaf was useful. Visit this website again soon for more interesting articles on the legal profession and family law. We are conveniently situated at The Pinnacle, corner of Strand and Burg Street in the CBD, Cape Town, South Africa. Make use of our online appointment system which is efficient and stress free. Call our offices for an online appointment today.

Posted on 11 February 2025 by Telelaw