What are the Legal Principles applicable to minor Children’s Relocation matters? Are there differences between Local or provincial and International Relocation?

The challenges with minor children relocation matters

How contact is exercised when minor children relocation

Minor children relocaiton and the Legal Principles applicable

What does our courts say in relocation matters?

Principles applicable to relocation of children Certain guidelines may be distilled from the Constitution, judgments of South African courts, and conventions to which South Africa is a signatory: (a) The interests of children are the first and paramount consideration. (b) Each case is to be decided on its own particular facts. (c) Both parents have a joint primary responsibility for raising the child and, where the parents are separated, the child has the right and the parents the responsibility to ensure that contact is maintained. (d) Where a custodial parent wishes to emigrate, a court will not lightly refuse leave for the children to be taken out of the country if the decision of the custodial parent is shown to be bona fide and reasonable. (e) The courts have always been sensitive to the situation of the parent who is to remain behind. The degree of such sensitivity and the role it plays in determining the best interests of children remain a vexed question. The best interests of the child Our courts adhere to the ‘best interests’ approach as they are required to do by the Constitution. On the papers, which include the founding, answering and supplementary affidavits as also the report emanating from the Office of the Family Advocate, reference was made to a number of issues associated with the life, circumstances, wellbeing activities, relationships, dependencies of R — all of which contribute to a greater or lesser extent, and in isolation or in conjunction, to determining his ‘best interests’. Amongst these issues are R’s attachment to both parents and grandparents, the disruption of R’s bond with his father if he were to move to Cape Town, the somewhat conflicted relationship between LW and DB, the demands made on both parents to hold down employment and earn livings to support their child, the arrangements made for the care of R in Vereeniging, Vanderbijlpark and Cape Town, the personal needs and desires of all adults involved in this issue, taking into account the constitutional acknowledgments of the rights of human dignity, freedom and equality. In the unreported judgment dissenting from the majority of the court in Ford v Ford WLD 5001/04, I discussed the manner in which one may attempt to give meaning and content to the concept of the ‘best interests of the child’. The majority of the court expressed no view on this issue and the Supreme Court of Appeal did not disagree therewith. It is convenient to repeat those portions of the judgment which are relevant to the issue before us today. Our law has developed the ‘best interests of the child’ approach which has now been enshrined in the Constitution which, in s 28(2), proclaims that ‘a child’s best interests are of paramount importance in every matter concerning the child’. This principle has become known, in one form or another, in many national legal systems and has been recognised in international instruments. However, some writers suggest that the principle has yet to acquire much specific content or to be the subject of any sustained analysis designed to shed light on its precise meaning. The result is that diverse interpretation may be given to the principle in different settings. I suggested that care also be taken to avoid slavish adoption of such content as has been given to specific legislation or instruments, since language, as also constitutional, cultural, familial, social and other traditions, inform contrasting interpretations. The full complexity of the South African Constitution is continually being explored. Section 28(2) and the ‘best interests’ principle do not represent and are not situate within a Constitution which envisages a monolithic or unidimensional approach reflecting a single, unified philosophy of children’s rights. There can be no specific and readily ascertainable recipe for resolving the inevitable tensions and conflicts that arise in each given situation. The respective concerns and entitlements of different actors involved cannot be assumed to always be clearly defined and delineated. In different situations, other interests to be balanced may include, not only the particular child but also siblings, parents, nuclear and extended families and sometimes the local community, society and the state. The ‘best interests’ principle is used to provide a framework for addressing the entire range of major issues affecting children. The principle may be invoked in relation to and in the context of the separation of the child from the family setting, adoption and comparable practices, parental responsibility for the upbringing and development of the child, the child’s involvement with the police and the justice system, the provision of housing and social services, access to schooling and so on.

Top tips and tricks from a Senior Family Law Advocate on claiming maintenance for a five-year-old child in Oudtshoorn.

Child Maintenance is the right of the child, and not that of the parent. It is also not a privilege granted to parents who must pay it. It is their duty to pay child maintenance and support their children. Once the child is self-supporting (being able to care for him or herself), the obligation falls away. This can happen when the child is 18, 20, or even 30. It all depends on the circumstances of the case.

Claiming child maintenance for your child in Oudtshoorn

Whether you claim child maintenance in Oudtshoorn, or any other city in South Africa, the procedures would be the same. There are however two (2) courts that can deal with child maintenance matters. That is a divorce court, in a divorce matter, and a Child Maintenance Court. For this article, we will focus on claiming maintenance in a Maintenance Court matter in Oudtshoorn.

The maintenance scenario – Oudtshoorn South Africa

In this article, we will deal with the following fictitious scenario, in a child maintenance matter:

1. The Child is seven years old and attends school in Oudtshoorn
2. The child is cared for by the mother who works in Oudtshoorn
3. The mother works and earns a Salary of R 10 000
4. The father sees the child every second weekend. He also lives and works in Oudtshoorn
5. The child’s monthly expenses are R 6000 – 00 which includes food, clothing, accommodation, education, travel etc.
6. The father earns a reasonable salary and can afford the R 20 000 – 00 per month
7. The mother claims R 4 000 – 00 maintenance as the father earns double her salary

What is the first step the mother must take in claiming child maintenance?

The first thing the mother must do is work out exactly what the child costs by item. She breaks down the minor child’s living expenses, starting from rent or accommodation to groceries to school fees etc. Once she has done that, she would need to determine what exactly does the minor child cost per month, seeing that she will be asking the father to contribute towards that. As best as possible, she needs to collect proof of expenses. This can be in the form of receipts.

How does she start the legal process?

The mother now needs to approach the maintenance court in the area where she lives or works to lodge a complaint for child maintenance. If she lives or works in Oudtshoorn, it would be the maintenance court in Oudtshoorn. She will complete a Form A wherein she will provide all the expenses for her and the minor child. She would also have to stipulate her income. Once she completed the form and submitted it to the maintenance court, she must then follow the next step.

What do you do while waiting for the maintenance court date?

While you wait to be informed of the court date by the Maintenance Court of Oudtshoorn, and up until the actual first court date, you need to ensure that you keep a record of all income and expenses for you and the child. This is very important as the court allocates maintenance based on recent income and expenses.

What happens at the first court appearance at the Oudtshoorn Maintenance Court?

Once you have been notified of the maintenance court date by the Oudtshoorn Maintenance Court, you need to ensure that you attend it. On that day, both you and the father of the child would appear before a maintenance officer. The maintenance officer would go through both your income and expenses as well as that of the father. If all the relevant information is not before the maintenance court, then the matter may be postponed in order for the parties to submit it.

The maintenance officer will try to settle the matter and have the parents come to an agreement regarding the amount of child maintenance to be paid. If they cannot come to an agreement regarding the child maintenance to be paid, the matter would have to proceed to a formal hearing or trial before a Magistrate.

How does the Maintenance Court hearing or trial work in Oudtshoorn?

Essentially, the maintenance court is called upon to make a fair ruling regarding what is a fair amount of child support that needs to be paid. For that to happen, the parents would have to give evidence in that regard. The mother would present to the court what the child costs, what she contributes and what she requires the other parent to pay. The Father would have a right to question the mother and to present evidence as to why he cannot afford the amount requested or why he feels it is an unfair amount. The mother can they also question him.

At the end of the day, the Oudtshoorn Maintenance Court would be able to properly determine what is a fair and adequate amount of child maintenance to pay after being presented will all relevant information. The Oudtshoorn Maintenance Court should play an active role in determining what is a fair amount of child maintenance the father should pay.

The above child maintenance application principles should apply to the following provinces and cities:

Eastern Cape:

Alice, Butterworth, East London, Graaff-Reinet, Grahamstown, King William’s Town, Mthatha

Port Elizabeth, Queenstown, Uitenhage, Zwelitsha

Free State:

Bethlehem. Bloemfontein, Jagersfontein, Kroonstad, Odendaalsrus, Parys, Phuthaditjhaba, Sasolburg, Virginia, Welkom

Gauteng:

Benoni, Boksburg, Brakpan, Carletonville, Germiston, Johannesburg, Krugersdorp, Pretoria, Randburg, Randfontein, Roodepoort, Soweto, Springs, Vanderbijlpark, Vereeniging

KwaZulu-Natal:

Durban, Empangeni, Ladysmith, Newcastle, Pietermaritzburg, Pinetown, Ulundi, Umlazi

Limpopo:

Giyani, Lebowakgomo, Musina, Phalaborwa, Polokwane, Seshego, Sibasa, Thabazimbi

Mpumalanga:

Emalahleni, Nelspruit, Secunda, North West, Klerksdorp, Mahikeng, Mmabatho, Potchefstroom, Rustenburg, Northern Cape, Kimberley, Kuruman, Port Nolloth

Western Cape:

Bellville, Oudtshoorn, Constantia, George, Hopefield, Oudtshoorn, Paarl, Simon’s Town, Stellenbosch, Swellendam, Worcester