Best Divorce Lawyer Waterfront Advocate Muhammad Abduroaf Parow

Posted on 11 February 2025 by Telelaw

My Child was born out of wedlock: Her mother will not consent to her surname change and for me to be registered as her biological father. What can I do?
It often happens that a child is registered at the Department of Home Affairs with the mother’s surname, and later the father wants the child to have his surname. The opposite is also true. This is when the child has the father’s surname, and the mother wants her to have her surname. This often happens in cases of children born out of wedlock, or in cases where the parents are divorced. So, what can a parent do to change the child’s surname? Read on to find out the answers below. Then there is the other scenario where the details of the father are not provided when registering the child with the Department of Home Affairs. One reason for this could be that the mother is not certain who the father is, or just does not want him to be associated with the child. Either way, that section of the child’s birth registration is left blank. Now, what can such a father, or child do under such a situation? We approached Advocate Muhammad Abduroaf, a Family Law Expert for some advice on this issue. Read on if you want to know more. [caption id="attachment_2957" align="alignleft" width="200"] Consult with us, click here.[/caption]

What is a surname?

A surname connects you to your family, ancestors and heritage. On a rare occasion, your last name can be an omen that you carry with you for the rest of your life. Each parent would prefer to have their offspring have their family name to connect their child to them. But sometimes, getting it right can be a challenge, especially if the child’s parents are not married and do not share the same surname. You may find the following articles interesting:

Most people get married, and the wife usually changes her surname to that of her husband, or have what they call a “double-barrel” surname. If that is the case, then their offspring would have their last name. Should the child walk down the street past a neighbour, and a neighbour asks the child her surname, through that they would be able to assume where the child lives, and who her parents are etc. Depending on the neighbourhood, the child’s great-grandparents would also be able to be identified. For some, having the same surname as your parents can be less important, but mostly not.

What does the law say about changing a minor child’s surname?

A child must have the surname of one of his or her parents. If the child was born out of wedlock, the child will have the surname of the mother, unless the father consent to the use of his surname. According to the Births and Deaths Registration Act 51 of 1992 a “child born out of wedlock” “does not include a child whose parents were married to each other at the time of his or her conception or at any time thereafter before the completion of his or her birth”. We are going to look at two issues in this legal article. The first is that of the amendment of the birth registration of children born out of wedlock. In other words, correcting the records to reflect the biological father, as the father. It is possible for the change of a surname of a child born within marriage; however, this article will not be dealing with that. The other issue we shall look at is how can a surname change be done. This would be of use to fathers who never married the mother.

Where are the father’s details found?

It may come to the surprise of the father to find out that he is not registered as the father of his child at the Department of Home Affairs. When he finds this out, the first thing he may do is speak to a lawyer or do some research. Either route will take him to the relevant legislation, in this case, the Births and Deaths Registration Act 51 of 1992. The Act is a long and crafty piece of legislation. We shall however only deal with the relevant sections for this legal piece.

Section 11 of the Births and Deaths Registration Act 51 of 1992

Section 11 of the Births and Deaths Registration Act 51 of 1992 deals with the amendment of birth registration of a child born out of wedlock. An extract of the Act is as follows:

Amendment of birth registration of child born out of wedlock

(1) Any parent of a child born out of wedlock whose parents married each other after the registration of his or her birth, may, if such child is a minor, or such child himself or herself may, if he or she is of age, apply in the prescribed manner to the Director-General to amend the registration of his or her birth as if his or her parents were married to each other at the time of his or her birth, and thereupon the Director-General shall, if satisfied that the applicant is competent to make the application, that the alleged parents of the child are in fact his or her parents and that they legally married each other, amend the registration of birth in the prescribed manner as if such child’s parents were legally married to each other at the time of his or her birth. (2) If the parents of a child born out of wedlock marry each other before notice of his or her birth is given, notice of such birth shall be given and the birth registered as if the parents were married to each other at the time of his or her birth. (3) … (4) A person who wishes to acknowledge himself to be the father of a child born out of wedlock, may, in the prescribed manner, with the consent of the mother of the child, apply to the Director-General, who shall amend the registration of the birth of such child by recording such acknowledgement and by entering the prescribed particulars of such person in the registration of the birth of such child. (4A) An amendment of the particulars of a person who has acknowledged himself as a father of a child as contemplated in subsection (4) and section 10(1)(b) of the Act shall be supported by the prescribed conclusive proof of that person being the father of the child. (5) Where the mother of a child has not given her consent to the amendment of the registration of the birth of her child in terms of subsection (4), the father of such a child shall apply to the High Court of competent jurisdiction for a declaratory order which confirms his or her paternity of the child and dispenses with the requirement of consent of the mother contemplated in subsection (4). (6) When the court considers the application contemplated in subsection (5) the provisions of section 26(b) of the Children’s Act shall apply. In short, the sections say … The above sections are self-explanatory. They deal with the situation where a change is made in relation to the marital status of the parent and for the inclusion of the father in the records. What is important to note is that the records can be changed after the parent married each other, and by the child when he or she turns 18. Furthermore, even if the mother refuses to give consent, the father can apply to the Court to dispense with the mother’s consent. Section 26(b) of the Children’s Act deals with persons who apply to Court to confirm paternity. As can be seen from the above, the law allows for a change in the birth registration regarding the marital status of a child’s parents in relation to the specific child, as well as the identity of the child’s father. According to the regulations of the Births and Deaths Registration Act 51 of 1992, both parents must complete Form BI-1682 and submit it to any domestic Home Affairs office under normal circumstances. Otherwise, a Court order is required.

Alteration or Change to a minor child’s surname

Now we move onto the aspect of the alteration of the surname of the minor child. Unlike the amendment of the records to reflect the marital status of the parents, or identity of the father of the minor child in the record, where we are dealing with factual issues; changing a surname, can have greater issues. In other words, a mother would not have much of a foot to stand on in refusing a father the right to have the records reflect him as a father. However, when it comes to a parent refusing a surname change, things are not that simple. This is where a child’s best interests have to be looked at. At the outset, one can assume that litigation could become inevitable. The relevant section to look at is section 25 of the Births and Deaths Registration Act 51 of 1992. An extract of the Act is as follows:

Alteration of surname of minor

(1) When – (a) the birth of any minor born out of wedlock has been registered and the mother of that minor marries any person other than the natural father of the minor; (b) the father of any minor is deceased or his or her parents’ marriage has been dissolved and his or her mother remarries or his or her mother as a widow or divorcee resumes a surname which she bore at any prior time and the father, where the marriage has been dissolved, consents thereto in writing, unless a competent court grants exemption from such consent; (c) the birth of any minor born out of wedlock has been registered under the surname of his or her natural father and the natural father consents thereto in writing, unless a competent court grants exemption from such consent; or (d) a minor is in the care of a guardian, his or her mother or his or her guardian, as the case may be, may apply to the Director-General for the alteration of his or her surname to the surname of his or her mother, or the surname which his or her mother has resumed, or the surname of his or her guardian, as the case may be, and the Director-General may alter the registration of birth of that minor accordingly in the prescribed manner: Provided that the man who married the mother of a minor mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b), shall grant written consent for the alteration. (1A) Notwithstanding subsection (1)(b) and (c), the natural father’s written consent is not required where the mother has sole guardianship of the child concerned. (2) Any parent of a minor whose birth has been included under a specific surname in the population register, may on the strength of a reason not mentioned in subsection (1), apply in the prescribed manner to the Director-General for the alteration of the surname of the minor under which his or her birth was registered, and the Director-General may, on submission of a good and sufficient reason given for the contemplated alteration of the surname, alter the said original surname accordingly in the prescribed manner. (3) For the purposes of this section “guardian” includes any person who has in law or in fact the custody or control of a minor. Section 25 is quite self-explanatory. For the purpose of this article, section 25(2) is of relevance. What is important to also note is that if a parent does not consent to the surname change application, the Court can give such consent to such an application or dispense with the refusing parent’s consent. Under all circumstances, the child’s best interests would be looked at when considering such a court application. Below are some examples of good reasons, and not so good reasons for such an Application:

Good reasons for the surname change of a minor child

One good reason would be that the minor child always used the surname of the father, but has not been registered with his surname. There are always problems that occurs due to the parent having a different surname than the child. The father is caring for the child and/or the child primarily lives with him.

Unsound reasons for a surname change of a minor child

On the basis that the child should have the fathers surname in principle. He was never involved in the child’s life but now wants a surname change. The sole reason for the change is that he is paying child support. The child visits him during the holidays.

Final words to parents of children born out of wedlock

If a child was born out of wedlock, it is recommended that the father’s details be included in the registration. If the parties are intending to live together as life partners, and not get married, they need to discuss the aspect of whose surname the child will have. This will have a huge impact on the child’s life in the future. If they cannot come to an agreement on the surname, it would be best to take the issue on mediation. We wish all parents the best in the parenting of their child. Remember, a child cannot choose his or her surname at birth, let alone his or her parents. But you as parents have the choice to make the right decisions for the sake of the future happiness of your child.

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Posted on 11 February 2025 by Telelaw

Paternity disputes and Scientific DNA Testing in Child Legal Matters
Paternity disputes are not uncommon in our courts of law. What sparks them varies, however, all disputes are messy. For one, the mere allegation that he is not the father of the child may directly or indirectly affect the dignity of the mother, and that of the child. In other words, it is suggested that she had more than one sexual partner at the time, and the child was born from such a relationship. Nonetheless, the issue can speedily be resolved through scientific DNA testing.

Paternity – Legal Settings

There are two common legal settings where a parent (or alleged parent) would dispute paternity. The one would be in a child maintenance dispute, where the father alleges that he is not the biological father of the child, and therefore cannot be ordered to pay child maintenance. The other situation would be in a child custody or visitation dispute. Here the mother would allege that the man is not the father, or he denies paternity.

Paternity Dispute Scenarios

There are other scenarios where paternity can become an issue. One would be in the case of inheritance. A parent would allege that a child is an heir of the person who passed on. Another would be in the case of marriage. What happens if there is a rumour your intended bride is your half-sister? These disputes and many others can only be resolved with DNA or scientific testing. Below we further deal with the question as to whether a court can force a parent and a child to submit to a blood test. That is where It gets interesting. The latter scenario laid the seed for researching and writing this post. Read on to learn more. You may learn something new.

The legal presumption of pater est quem nuptiae demonstrant

Now let’s start with the common law. There is a phrase or common law presumption, “Pater est quem nuptiae demonstrant”. It is a Latin phrase which states that the father is he who is married to the mother. In other words, if the child was born whilst the father was married to the mother, it is presumed that he is the father. Therefore, unless the father or mother can prove otherwise, every child born from a marriage is presumed to be the child of the husband. If the husband or wife disputes it, they must prove it. This may become an issue during divorce proceedings. The wife may allege that the husband is the father of the child and claim maintenance from him. He would then in his plea state that he is not the father and accordingly not responsible to pay child support. At the divorce trial, he would have to prove that he is not the father. A simple way of resolving the dispute would be through a blood test or scientific DNA testing. Now let’s move on to written law, in legislation and learn some more.

The Law on paternity disputes in relation to minor children

There are two pieces of legislation that applies in relation to paternity issues regarding minor children. It is the Maintenance Act 99 of 1998, in relation to child maintenance matters, and the Children’s Act 38 of 2005, in relation to child legal matters in general. We shall, however, start with the Children’s Act 38 of 2005.

The Children’s Act – Paternity Disputes

The Children’s Act has two (2) sections dealing with paternity issues. The first deals with the Presumption of paternity in respect of a child born out of wedlock and the other, the refusal to submit to the taking of blood samples. We quote them next.

Section 36: Presumption of paternity in respect of a child born out of wedlock

“If in any legal proceedings in which it is necessary to prove that any particular person is the father of a child born out of wedlock it is proved that that person had sexual intercourse with the mother of the child at any time when that child could have been conceived, that person is, in the absence of evidence to the contrary which raises a reasonable doubt, presumed to be the biological father of the child.”

Section 37: Refusal to submit to the taking of blood samples

“If a party to any legal proceedings in which the paternity of a child has been placed in issue has refused to submit himself or herself, or the child, to the taking of a blood sample in order to carry out scientific tests relating to the paternity of the child, the court must warn such party of the effect which such refusal might have on the credibility of that party.”

Create Reasonable Doubt

Looking at the aforementioned sections of the Children’s Act, in a paternity dispute, it is presumed that if parties had sexual intercourse at any time when that child could have been conceived, the male is the father. The father can disprove this by raising reasonable doubt. This can be done by proving that he was sterile, or through scientific DNA testing. If another man comes and says he is the father; we are sure some reasonable doubt may be created. According to the next section in the Children’s Act, if a party refuses to submit to a paternity test, it could affect his or her credibility. Therefore, if someone is truly a parent, or not a parent, and has nothing to fear from the truth, he or she should submit themselves to a blood test. Failing which, it might affect that person’s credibility in the matter. The court could then infer that he or she is lying. Now let’s move on to the Maintenance Act in child maintenance matters.

The Maintenance Act – Paternity Disputes

In our experience, it is the offices of the maintenance courts that deals mostly with paternity disputes. When the father gets called to the maintenance court, to pay child support for a child he does not have a relationship with, in some cases, he would invoke the paternity defence. In other words, he would dispute the paternity of the child. In such a case, he would request a paternity test. Section 21 of the Maintenance Act deals with orders relating to scientific tests regarding paternity. Here we quote the relevant section next.

21 Orders relating to scientific tests regarding paternity

(1) If the maintenance officer is of the opinion- (a) that the paternity of any child is in dispute;(b) that the mother of such child, as well as the person who is allegedly the father of such child, are prepared to submit themselves as well as such child, if the mother has parental authority over the said child, to the taking of blood samples in order to carry out scientific tests regarding the paternity of that child; and (c) that such mother or such person or both such mother and such person are unable to pay the costs involved in the carrying out of such scientific tests, the maintenance officer may at any time during the enquiry in question, but before the maintenance court makes any order under section 16, request the maintenance court to hold an enquiry referred to in subsection (2). (2) If the maintenance officer so requests, the maintenance court may in a summary manner enquire into- (a) the means of the mother of the child as well as the person who is allegedly the father of the child; and (b) the other circumstances which should in the opinion of the maintenance court be taken into consideration. (3) At the conclusion of the enquiry referred to in subsection (2), the maintenance court may- (a) make such provisional order as the maintenance court may think fit relating to the payment of the costs involved in the carrying out of the scientific tests in question, including a provisional order directing the State to pay the whole or any part of such costs; or (b) make no order. (4) When the maintenance court subsequently makes any order under section 16, the maintenance court may- (a) make an order confirming the provisional order referred to in subsection (3) (a); or (b) set aside such provisional order or substitute therefor any order which the maintenance court may consider just relating to the payment of the costs involved in the carrying out of the scientific tests in question.

Costs of Scientific DNA Testing in Child Maintenance Matters

Looking at the aforementioned section, it does not say much about the evidentiary aspect of paternity testing. It basically deals with the costs thereof. However, what is clear is that the Maintenance Court considers issues of paternity disputes and deals with it. Nonetheless, the aforementioned provisions of the Children’s Act would apply to matters in the Maintenance Court. Next, we move on to the issue of whether or not a court can force a party to submit to a paternity test.

Forced or Compelled Paternity Tests

The two pieces of legislation referred to above does not assist us much with regard to the issue of a court forcing a parent to submit to a paternity test. We now need to consider the case law. In other words, what do the courts have to say about this? Most of the older court decisions, do not agree with forcing a parent to submit to a blood/paternity test. However, it seems that things have changed in the past decade. Let us refer to the judgment of LB v YD 2009 (5) SA 463 (T), a Transvaal Provincial Division matter handed down by Judge Murphy less than 10 years ago.

LB v YD 2009 (5) SA 463 (T).

One of the issues, in this case, was that the mother did not want to submit herself to a blood test. Her view, amongst other things, was that it was not in the child’s best interests. The father argued that it was his right to know whether or not he is the father of the child. He further argued that his right to the certainty of paternity outweighs any inconvenience that might be suffered by the mother and the child. With regard to the law, the Court stated the following: [18] The law on the topic of compulsory blood or DNA testing in parental disputes is not satisfactory. There is no legislation which specifically regulates the position in civil cases. Judicial pronouncements on the topic have not been unanimous in their approach to the issues and have differed on the proper legal basis for ordering tests. In relation to the child the courts have relied on their inherent jurisdiction as upper guardian, while in relation to the non-consenting adult some judges have invoked the inherent jurisdiction of a court to regulate its own procedures while others have refused to do so. In all cases the courts have been mindful of the need on the one hand to protect the privacy and bodily integrity of those to be subjected to tests, but on the other hand have asserted the court’s role to discover the truth whenever possible and to make use of scientific methods for that purpose. [23] In short, I agree with those judges and commentators who contend that as a general rule the more correct approach is that the discovery of truth should prevail over the idea that the rights of privacy and bodily integrity should be respected – see Kemp ‘Proof of Paternity: Consent or Compulsion’ (1986) 49 THRHR 271 at 279 – 81. I also take the position, and I will return to this more fully later, that it will most often be in the best interests of a child to have any doubts about true paternity resolved and put beyond doubt by the best available evidence.

[47] The present case is one in which a clearing of the air is called for. Both parties have at various times admitted and denied that the applicant is the biological father. The respondent was intimate with a second party, her husband, within the period of possible conception. The child is barely 1 year old and thus there is no established relationship that might be unduly disturbed or harmed by a determination of non-paternity. If the applicant is established to be the father, the child will benefit in time from knowing the truth and from the applicant’s commitment to her financial wellbeing. The possible stigma of a disputed paternity will also be removed. And, furthermore, legislative safeguards exist for the assignment and monitoring of appropriate parental rights and responsibilities to the applicant, should that prove permissible. I accordingly consider that it will be in the best interests of the child that paternity be scientifically determined and resolved at this early stage. [48] I agree that the order sought by the applicant is the one that should be granted. It is ordered as follows:

The respondent is ordered to submit herself and her minor child Y to DNA tests for the purpose of determining whether the applicant is the biological father of the child Y within 30 days of this order.
Prayers 2 and 3 of the notice of motion are postponed sine die.
The applicant is ordered to pay the costs of the tests referred to in D para 1 of this order.
The costs of this application are reserved.

The numbers in the square brackets denote the number of the paragraph you would find it in the judgment should you decide to make use of it. We agree with Judge Murphy. It is clear that the Courts can and should compel parents and children to submit to a blood test/DNA test when it is in the child’s best interests. Each case is different, and whereby a compelled blood test/DNA test would be warranted in one scenario, it may not be in the other. Nonetheless, with modern technology at our disposal, a simple paternity test is currently less intrusive than it was in the past.

Posted on 11 February 2025 by Telelaw

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