Advocate of the High Court of South Africa – Abduroaf

Posted on 11 February 2025 by Telelaw

Divorce – Questions and Answers on the Process and Procedure
Divorces signify the end of marriages. However, it can also be seen as a beginning of a new life. Once a couple has tried everything to save their marriage, to no avail, a divorce is an inevitable consequence. With divorces, comes the law. Only a court can legally divorce you. And because of this, people have many questions on the divorce procedure and process. This post is intended to assist parties whose marriage had irretrievably broken down by answering frequently asked questions on divorces. Due to the nature of legal matters, it is best to make use of an attorney or get the advice of a legal professional when dealing with a divorce. However, we intend giving you a general overview of the divorce process below with the assistance of Adv. Muhammad Abduroaf.

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Divorce – Things to Consider

There are a few things to consider when proceeding with a divorce. Depending on the issues involved, it would determine how quick or how complicated your divorce could be. They are as follows:

Minor Children in divorces

As a consequence of marriage, are children. If your children are 18 years or older at the time of the divorce, they would not be a factor, as they are adults. However, if they are younger than 18 years old, their interests are affected in the divorce process. The Court won’t divorce you unless it is satisfied that their best interests are taken care of. When a divorce settlement is reached, the settlement should be taken to the Office of the Family Advocate. The Family Advocate would then study the document, and, if they are satisfied with it, enforce it. If they are not happy with it or have any issues, they will usually provide it in a cover letter. Factors to consider are the following:

Child Maintenance
Primary Residence
Parental Responsibilities and Rights of Care and Contact
Guardianship
Facilitation or Dispute Resolution

The Court is however not bound by the views of the Family Advocate. The Court would consider it, however, if the Court feels that the settlement agreement or recommendations of the Family Advocate is not in the child’s best interests, it would then make the appropriate order. In our view, if the parents came to an agreement, and they believe it is workable, it would most of the time be in the children’s best interests for the agreement to be made an Order of Court.

Purchase our Unopposed Divorce Package, click here.

Matrimonial Property Regime

The Matrimonial Property Regime the Parties are married in is an important aspect to consider when getting divorced. This we unpack next.

In Community of Property

The default Matrimonial Property Regime is that of “In Community of Property”. What this basically means is that there is one joint estate. In other words, there are no longer two separate estates. By way of example, if the husband takes out a loan, the wife is also responsible to repay it. This is so as the Joint Estate incurred the debt. The husband could not have incurred the debt solely as he does not have a separate estate.

Out of Community of Property

It has become the trend for people to get married “Out of Community of Property”. What this means is that there are two separate estates. It is as if you are not married. The wife can enter into loans and agreements without the consent of her husband, and his estate would not be affected by that. There are however two variables to being married Out of Community of Property. That is married Out of Community of Property with the inclusion of the accrual regime, and the other without.

Accrual Regime Included in Your Marriage

If the accrual regime is not specifically excluded in the Ante-nuptial Contract, then it is by default included. What this means, is that during the marriage, there are two separate estates. You can do what you please without the consent or consideration of the other party’s estate. However, at divorce, or death of one of the parties, you must share in half the difference of the accruals of each estate. So, for example, if the accrual regime applies, and at divorce, the husband’s estate is worth R 10 000 – 00 and the wife’s estate is worth R 5 000 – 00; then he should pay her R 2500 – 00 in cash. The same would apply at death. Both parties would, therefore, leave the marriage with the sum of R 7 500 – 00. This regime would be beneficial where the wife or husband stays at home, looking after the household and children. The other spouse would be working on building an empire.

Accrual Regime Expressly Excluded in your marriage

Let’s say the parties got married Out of Community of Property. However, in their Ante-nuptial contract, they specifically excluded the accrual regime. In that case, there would be two separate estates during the marriage. And at divorce or death, there would still be two separate estates and neither spouse would have to pay the other spouse any amount. If both spouses are working during the marriage, building their own empires, then this regime would be a better option.

Pension Funds in Divorces

Pension funds would apply to marriages in Community of Property, and where the accrual regime applies, to marriages out of Community of Property. When the parties divorce, in the case of a marriage in Community of Property, a spouse has a claim to half the Pension Fund of the other spouse. If they are married Out of Community of Property with the accrual regime, then the value of the pension fund is taken into consideration when determining the accrual. Therefore, if both the pension funds are the same in value, and both parties have the same amount of assets; there would be no accrual. This would be so if all else is equal. Next, we move to the divorce process and procedure, written by Adv. Muhammad Abduroaf. Pictures are provided for some assistance.

The Divorce Process

Some advice from Adv. Muhammad Abduroaf

First, some Legal Advice

If you want to get divorced from your spouse, I strongly advise that your approach a legal practitioner, or an attorney to attend to it on your behalf. This I would implore even more under the following circumstances:

There will be a dispute over care and visitation rights over the child/children;
One of the parties shall be applying for forfeiture of patrimonial benefits from a marriage in community of property;
The joint estate is huge or complicated; or
The other party shall be making use of legal representation.

General Divorce Process and Procedure

If, however, you would like to know the general procedures on how to go about in obtaining a divorce decree; they are listed summarily below. There are many rules that regulate divorce processes and the summary below does exclude some of them. These include exceptions, strikeouts, compelling compliance, service addresses etc. Other matters incidental to divorce proceedings, e.g. interim arrangements, pending the divorce regarding maintenance for you or your children and care and contact regarding children are not dealt with. Therefore, please consult a legal practitioner or the divorce court throughout your divorce process should you decide to do the divorce yourself.

Purchase our Unopposed Divorce Package, click here.

Summons and Particulars of Claim

A summons needs to be drafted which should be issued by the divorce court to commence the divorce process. It should have on it the details of the court you will be issuing the divorce from, details of the parties, e.g. names, occupation and address etc. Every High Court in the area where you live has the authority to attend to a divorce. You should then draft a particulars of claim outlining relevant matters concerning the marriage, children, reasons for wanting a divorce and what do you want the court to grant you in a divorce order. These particulars of claim you attach to the summons. [caption id="attachment_6734" align="alignleft" width="800"] Divorce Process Summons - Divorce Lawyer

Example of a Divorce Summons[/caption] https://www.ourlawyer.co.za/wp-content/uploads/Divorce-Summons-Divorce-Lawyer-Process-217×300.jpg

Divorce Particulars of Claim

Once you have your summons and particulars of claim in order, you have to have the summons issued. To do this, make three (3) copies of your set of documents (Summons and Particulars of Claim) and have it issued at court. [caption id="attachment_6731" align="alignleft" width="800"] Divorce Process - Divorce Atorney

Example of A Particulars of Claim in a Divorce Action[/caption]

Issuing and Service of Divorce Summons and Particulars of Claim

Once you are at the court, go to the clerk/registrar of the court and have your documents issued. The clerk/registrar will sign the summons and provide a case number by writing it on the summons. You should then take the original and a copy (both must be signed and stamped by the clerk/registrar of the court) and take it to the sheriff which serves documents where your spouse work, of lives. You can ask the clerk/registrar of the court for that details. The extra—copy of the summons and particulars of claim you keep for your file and records.

Notice of intention to defend

Once the sheriff served the documents, your spouse has two weeks to inform you of whether he or she shall be defending the divorce. This information is outlined in the summons. If your spouse decided not to defend the divorce action, then after a period of two weeks has elapsed, you may set the matter down as an undefended divorce. If your spouse intends to defend the divorce, he or she would then have to file the notice of intention to defend. In this notice, you would advise the Court and the Plaintiff that you are defending the divorce, and also, provide a service address. The Service Address is the address at which the Plaintiff would send notices in the court case to you. Below, kindly find an example of a Notice of Intention to Defend. [caption id="attachment_6743" align="alignleft" width="800"] Divorce Lawyer Cape Town

Notice of Intention to Defend[/caption]

Divorce Plea to particulars of claim

Once you received notice of your spouse’s intention to defend the divorce, about a month later, your spouse or his or attorney should serve and file a plea. The plea should outline which parts of your particulars of claim your spouse agrees (or disagree) with which would give a direction of what to prove at court.

Purchase our Unopposed Divorce Package, click here. [caption id="attachment_6740" align="alignleft" width="800"] Plea - Divorce Process - Lawyer

Plea in a Divorce Action[/caption]

[caption id="attachment_6739" align="alignleft" width="903"]

Plea in a Divorce Action[/caption]

Divorce Counterclaim or Claim in Reconvention

Your spouse might want to file a counterclaim or claim in reconvention. In the same way which you outlined your case as to what you want from the court and the reasons therefore in your particulars of claim; your spouse can file on you a counterclaim. A counterclaim might still be filed if your spouse agrees to a divorce, but maybe wants primary care of the children, but in your particulars of claim, you asked for primary care. You should then within 10 (ten) days plead to the counterclaim in the same manner which your spouse pleaded to your particulars of claim [caption id="attachment_6738" align="alignleft" width="789"] Divorce Counter Claim - Divorce Process

Divorce Counter Claim[/caption]

Discovery

When you present evidence at Court, you want to be fully prepared. Therefore, all documents your spouse will be making use of at Court should be presented to you beforehand. And you should do the same. This is where discovery comes into play. You may ask or may be asked to provide under oath a schedule of books and documents in your possession and under your control relating to the divorce. This could be policy documents, deeds etc, and which you or your spouse might want to make use of at trial. Once you received the schedules you may inspect and request copies of the documents. [caption id="attachment_6727" align="alignleft" width="800"] Divorce Lawyer - Process

Request for Discover Notice[/caption]

[caption id="attachment_6726" align="alignleft" width="800"] Divorce Lawyer - Process

Discovery Notice[/caption]

Discovery Affidavit

After receiving a notice requesting a spouse to discover, an affidavit should be provided. The wording of the Affidavit can be seen in the pictures below. [caption id="attachment_6723" align="alignleft" width="800"] Divorce Law - Process

Example of a Discovery Affidavit[/caption]

[caption id="attachment_6725" align="alignleft" width="800"] Divorce Process - Lawyer

Discovery Affidavit[/caption]

[caption id="attachment_6724" align="alignleft" width="800"] Divorce Lawyer

Discovery Affidavit[/caption]

Obtaining a Trial date for the Divorce

Once you received the plea, with or without a counterclaim, or have pleaded to your spouse’s counterclaim, and discovery is done, one should then approach the clerk/registrar of the court for a trial date. This you or your spouse may do. This process is a bit complicated, so it’s best to do it with the guidance of a lawyer or the clerk/registrar of the court.

Purchase our Unopposed Divorce Package, click here.

Pr-Trial Procedure

Before a date gets allocated to you for the divorce, the Court would want to ensure that your matter is trial ready. What this basically means, is that all that needs to be done, has been attended to and the trial will run. Many months are spent waiting for a court date, and it would be unfair to the court if a judge and other litigants are appointed to a matter, and the matter does not proceed. A judge will meet with the parties in chambers, and once the matter is trial ready, he or she will endorse the file in that regard.

Divorce day / Trial / Unopposed hearing date

If your spouse does not defend the divorce within the time period, go back to court and ask for an unopposed divorce date and attend to your divorce on that date. If, however, your divorce is defended, a trial should ensure. During the trial, each party should prove his or her case. Witnesses should be called and at the end, the Magistrate or Judge shall deliver the verdict. Best of luck, and please, don’t take my word, contact a legal practitioner should you decide to get divorced. Advocate Muhammad Abduroaf

[caption id="attachment_6758" align="alignleft" width="300"]

Divorce Lawyer and Process[/caption]

Posted on 11 February 2025 by Telelaw

Various Matrimonial Property Regimes focusing on the Accrual System
Getting married is a legal act. With it comes certain responsibilities and rights. For example, you have a legal obligation to maintain your spouse. You cannot marry anyone else, and furthermore, your spouse can inherit from you interstate. Depending on the matrimonial property regime you entered into, certain legal consequences would apply regarding the proprietary (or money) aspects of your marriage. For example, to whom do money and assets belong to acquired during the marriage and before it. In South Africa, a person has three (3) choices when it comes to getting married in relation to your matrimonial property regime. They are explained briefly below. In Community of Property (Default system) A marriage in community of property is the default matrimonial property regime. You do not need to enter into an antenuptial contract in order to be married like this. Basically, when getting married, both spouses’ assets, money, liabilities and so on becomes one single joint estate. You can compare it to placing it all in one pot. And from that pot would the spouse’s finances be dealt with. If either spouse gets themselves into financial trouble, it is the joint estate, or the pot that would have to be looked at in order to sort it out. This would apply to financial trouble which arose even before the marriage. Lastly, at death or divorce, the joint estate, or the pot would be divided and each party’s estate would leave with half. If you are worried about the financial implications of your marriage, you need to read further. Out of Community of Property and Profit or Loss (Without Accrual) Being married out of community of property and profit or loss is basically the exact opposite of being married in community of property. Here we are dealing with out of community of property with the exclusion of the accrual regime. Under this matrimonial property regime, there remain two separate estates just as there was before the spouses got married. Each spouse is responsible for their own wealth and debt. Creditors can therefore only claim from the estate of the relevant spouse. Not the other. At death or divorce, the situation remains exactly the same. Each estate leaves with whatever it has, being it money, assets or debt. In order for a couple to be married out of community of property and profit or loss, they need to stipulate it in an antenuptial contract and have it registered. The antenuptial contract would be executed before a Notary Public and registered at the Deeds Office. If this is not done, then the marriage would be In Community of Property as above. Next, we deal with a hybrid regime. You may find it more beneficial to you. Read more on antenuptial contracts by clicking here. Out of Community of Property and Profit or Loss (With Accrual) The third option a couple has is to get married out of community of property and profit or loss with the inclusion of the accrual regime. The accrual regime or system is outlined in the Matrimonial Property Act 88 of 1984. Basically, what it entails is that during the marriage you are married out of community of property and profit or loss as in the latter section, but at divorce or death, you share in the accrual or profits of the marriage. Each spouse still retains full control over their assets and estate during the marriage. Just as out of community of property and profit or loss without the accrual. If, however, the parties divorce or one dies, they will share in the accrual or profits. If you want the accrual regime to apply to your marriage, that would be stated in your antenuptial contract. It would then also be registered at the Deeds Office. In order to work out the accrual, one needs to know the net commencement value of each party’s estate. That would be stipulated in the antenuptial contract. The Accrual system is regulated in Chapter 1 of the Matrimonial Property Act 88 of 1984. In terms of the Act, certain items are excluded when calculating the accrual unless otherwise agreed upon. This is dealt with next.

Items or amounts excluded in the accrual calculation (unless otherwise agreed upon)

Amounts which accrued to that estate by way of damages, other than damages for patrimonial loss. E.g. pain and suffering;
An asset which has been excluded from the accrual system in terms of the antenuptial contract of the spouses, as well as any other asset which he or she acquired by virtue of his or her possession or former possession of the first-mentioned asset;
An inheritance, a legacy or a donation which accrues to a spouse during the subsistence of his or her marriage, as well as any other asset which he acquired by virtue of his or her possession or former possession of such inheritance, legacy or donation (except in so far as the spouses may agree otherwise in their antenuptial contract or in so far as the testator or donor may stipulate otherwise);
Donations between spouses, other than a donation mortis causa [anticipation of the death of the donor], is not taken into account either as part of the estate of the donor or as part of the estate of the donee.

Below find the relevant sections of the Matrimonial Property Act 88 of 1984

Matrimonial Property Act 88 of 1984

Extracts of the Matrimonial Property Act: CHAPTER I ACCRUAL SYSTEM 2.Marriages subject to accrual system Every marriage out of community of property in terms of an antenuptial contract by which community of property and community of profit and loss are excluded, which is entered into after the commencement of this Act, is subject to the accrual system specified in this Chapter, except in so far as that system is expressly excluded by the antenuptial contract. 3.Accrual system (1) At the dissolution of a marriage subject to the accrual system, by divorce or by the death of one or both of the spouses, the spouse whose estate shows no accrual or a smaller accrual than the estate of the other spouse, or his estate if he is deceased, acquires a claim against the other spouse or his estate for an amount equal to half of the difference between the accrual of the respective estates of the spouses. (2) Subject to the provisions of section 8(1), a claim in terms of subsection (1) arises at the dissolution of the marriage and the right of a spouse to share in terms of this Act in the accrual of the estate of the other spouse is during the subsistence of the marriage not transferable or liable to attachment, and does not form part of the insolvent estate of a spouse. 4.Accrual of estate (1) (a) The accrual of the estate of a spouse is the amount by which the net value of his estate at the dissolution his marriage exceeds the net value of his estate at the commencement of that marriage. (b) In the determination of the accrual of the estate of a spouse— (i) any amount which accrued to that estate by way of damages, other than damages for patrimonial loss, is left out of account; (ii) an asset which has been excluded from the accrual system in terms of the antenuptial contract of the spouses, as well as any other asset which he acquired by virtue of his possession or former possession of the first-mentioned asset, is not taken into account as part of that estate at the commencement or the dissolution of his marriage; (iii) the net value of that estate at the commencement of his marriage is calculated with due allowance for any difference which may exist in the value of money at the commencement and dissolution of his marriage, and for that purpose the weighted average of the consumer price index as published from time to time in the Gazette serves as prima facie proof of any change in the value of money. (2) The accrual of the estate of a deceased spouse is determined before effect is given to any testamentary disposition, donation mortis causa or succession out of that estate in terms of the law of intestate succession. 5.Inheritances, legacies and donations excluded from accrual (1) An inheritance, a legacy or a donation which accrues to a spouse during the subsistence of his marriage, as well as any other asset which he acquired by virtue of his possession or former possession of such inheritance, legacy or donation, does not form part of the accrual of his estate, except in so far as the spouses may agree otherwise in their antenuptial contract or in so far as the testator or donor may stipulate otherwise. (2) In the determination of the accrual of the estate of a spouse a donation between spouses, other than a donation mortis causa, is not taken into account either as part of the estate of the donor or as part of the estate of the donee. 6.Proof of commencement value of estate (1) Where a party to an intended marriage does not for the purpose of proof of the net value of his estate at the commencement of his marriage declare that value in the antenuptial contract concerned, he may for such purpose declare that value before the marriage is entered into or within six months thereafter in a statement, which shall be signed by the other party, and cause the statement to be attested by a notary and filed with the copy of the antenuptial contract of the parties in the protocol of the notary before whom the antenuptial contract was executed. (2) A notary attesting such a statement shall furnish the parties with a certified copy thereof on which he shall certify that the original is kept in his protocol together with the copy of the antenuptial contract of the parties or, if he is not the notary before whom the antenuptial contract was executed, he shall send the original statement by registered post to the notary in whose protocol the antenuptial contract is kept, or to the custodian of his protocol, as the case may be, and the last-mentioned notary or that custodian, shall keep the original statement together with the copy of the antenuptial contract of the parties in his protocol. (3) An antenuptial contract contemplated in subsection (1) or a certified copy thereof, or a statement signed and attested in terms of subsection (1) or a certified copy thereof contemplated in subsection (2), serves as prima facie proof of the net value of the estate of the spouse concerned at the commencement of his marriage. (4) The net value of the estate of a spouse at the commencement of his marriage is deemed to be nil if— (a) the liabilities of that spouse exceed his assets at such commencement; (b) that value was not declared in his antenuptial contract or in a statement in terms of subsection (1) and the contrary is not proved. 7.Obligation to furnish particulars of value of estate When it is necessary to determine the accrual of the estate of a spouse or a deceased spouse that spouse or the executor of the estate of the deceased spouse, as the case may be, shall within a reasonable time at the request of the other spouse or the executor of the estate of the other spouse, as the case may be, furnish full particulars of the value of that estate. Power of court to order division of accrual (1) A court may on the application of a spouse whose marriage is subject to the accrual system and who satisfies the court that his right to share in the accrual of the estate of the other spouse at the dissolution of the marriage is being or will probably be seriously prejudiced by the conduct or proposed conduct of the other spouse, and that other persons will not be prejudiced thereby, order the immediate division of the accrual concerned in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter or on such other basis as the court may deem just. (2) A court making an order under subsection (1) may order that the accrual system applicable to the marriage be replaced by a matrimonial property system in terms of which accrual sharing as well as community of property and community of profit and loss are excluded. (3) When an order is made under subsection (2), the registrar shall send a copy thereof to the registrar of deeds concerned, who shall cause an appropriate reference to the new matrimonial property system to be made on the registry duplicate of the antenuptial contract concerned and on every copy thereof tendered to him for endorsement. (4) A registrar of deeds who receives notice of a new matrimonial property system in terms of subsection (3), shall notify all other registrars of deeds accordingly and furnish each of them with a copy of the court order, and every registrar of deeds so notified shall cause an appropriate reference to the new matrimonial property system to be endorsed on the copy, if any, of the antenuptial contract concerned filed in his registry and on every copy thereof tendered to him for endorsement. 8.Forfeiture of right to accrual sharing The right to share in the accrual of the estate of a spouse in terms of this Chapter is a patrimonial benefit which may on divorce be declared forfeit, either wholly or in part. Deferment of satisfaction of accrual claim A court may on the application of a person against whom an accrual claim lies, order that satisfaction of the claim be deferred on such conditions, including conditions relating to the furnishing of security, the payment of interest, the payment of instalments, and the delivery or transfer of specified, assets, as the court may deem just.

Posted on 11 February 2025 by Telelaw

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