Child Maintenance Saga: How a mother forced the father of her child to pay maintenance after battling for 5 years

Posted on 11 February 2025 by Telelaw

Paternity disputes and Scientific DNA Testing in Child Legal Matters
Paternity disputes are not uncommon in our courts of law. What sparks them varies, however, all disputes are messy. For one, the mere allegation that he is not the father of the child may directly or indirectly affect the dignity of the mother, and that of the child. In other words, it is suggested that she had more than one sexual partner at the time, and the child was born from such a relationship. Nonetheless, the issue can speedily be resolved through scientific DNA testing.

Paternity – Legal Settings

There are two common legal settings where a parent (or alleged parent) would dispute paternity. The one would be in a child maintenance dispute, where the father alleges that he is not the biological father of the child, and therefore cannot be ordered to pay child maintenance. The other situation would be in a child custody or visitation dispute. Here the mother would allege that the man is not the father, or he denies paternity.

Paternity Dispute Scenarios

There are other scenarios where paternity can become an issue. One would be in the case of inheritance. A parent would allege that a child is an heir of the person who passed on. Another would be in the case of marriage. What happens if there is a rumour your intended bride is your half-sister? These disputes and many others can only be resolved with DNA or scientific testing. Below we further deal with the question as to whether a court can force a parent and a child to submit to a blood test. That is where It gets interesting. The latter scenario laid the seed for researching and writing this post. Read on to learn more. You may learn something new.

The legal presumption of pater est quem nuptiae demonstrant

Now let’s start with the common law. There is a phrase or common law presumption, “Pater est quem nuptiae demonstrant”. It is a Latin phrase which states that the father is he who is married to the mother. In other words, if the child was born whilst the father was married to the mother, it is presumed that he is the father. Therefore, unless the father or mother can prove otherwise, every child born from a marriage is presumed to be the child of the husband. If the husband or wife disputes it, they must prove it. This may become an issue during divorce proceedings. The wife may allege that the husband is the father of the child and claim maintenance from him. He would then in his plea state that he is not the father and accordingly not responsible to pay child support. At the divorce trial, he would have to prove that he is not the father. A simple way of resolving the dispute would be through a blood test or scientific DNA testing. Now let’s move on to written law, in legislation and learn some more.

The Law on paternity disputes in relation to minor children

There are two pieces of legislation that applies in relation to paternity issues regarding minor children. It is the Maintenance Act 99 of 1998, in relation to child maintenance matters, and the Children’s Act 38 of 2005, in relation to child legal matters in general. We shall, however, start with the Children’s Act 38 of 2005.

The Children’s Act – Paternity Disputes

The Children’s Act has two (2) sections dealing with paternity issues. The first deals with the Presumption of paternity in respect of a child born out of wedlock and the other, the refusal to submit to the taking of blood samples. We quote them next.

Section 36: Presumption of paternity in respect of a child born out of wedlock

“If in any legal proceedings in which it is necessary to prove that any particular person is the father of a child born out of wedlock it is proved that that person had sexual intercourse with the mother of the child at any time when that child could have been conceived, that person is, in the absence of evidence to the contrary which raises a reasonable doubt, presumed to be the biological father of the child.”

Section 37: Refusal to submit to the taking of blood samples

“If a party to any legal proceedings in which the paternity of a child has been placed in issue has refused to submit himself or herself, or the child, to the taking of a blood sample in order to carry out scientific tests relating to the paternity of the child, the court must warn such party of the effect which such refusal might have on the credibility of that party.”

Create Reasonable Doubt

Looking at the aforementioned sections of the Children’s Act, in a paternity dispute, it is presumed that if parties had sexual intercourse at any time when that child could have been conceived, the male is the father. The father can disprove this by raising reasonable doubt. This can be done by proving that he was sterile, or through scientific DNA testing. If another man comes and says he is the father; we are sure some reasonable doubt may be created. According to the next section in the Children’s Act, if a party refuses to submit to a paternity test, it could affect his or her credibility. Therefore, if someone is truly a parent, or not a parent, and has nothing to fear from the truth, he or she should submit themselves to a blood test. Failing which, it might affect that person’s credibility in the matter. The court could then infer that he or she is lying. Now let’s move on to the Maintenance Act in child maintenance matters.

The Maintenance Act – Paternity Disputes

In our experience, it is the offices of the maintenance courts that deals mostly with paternity disputes. When the father gets called to the maintenance court, to pay child support for a child he does not have a relationship with, in some cases, he would invoke the paternity defence. In other words, he would dispute the paternity of the child. In such a case, he would request a paternity test. Section 21 of the Maintenance Act deals with orders relating to scientific tests regarding paternity. Here we quote the relevant section next.

21 Orders relating to scientific tests regarding paternity

(1) If the maintenance officer is of the opinion- (a) that the paternity of any child is in dispute;(b) that the mother of such child, as well as the person who is allegedly the father of such child, are prepared to submit themselves as well as such child, if the mother has parental authority over the said child, to the taking of blood samples in order to carry out scientific tests regarding the paternity of that child; and (c) that such mother or such person or both such mother and such person are unable to pay the costs involved in the carrying out of such scientific tests, the maintenance officer may at any time during the enquiry in question, but before the maintenance court makes any order under section 16, request the maintenance court to hold an enquiry referred to in subsection (2). (2) If the maintenance officer so requests, the maintenance court may in a summary manner enquire into- (a) the means of the mother of the child as well as the person who is allegedly the father of the child; and (b) the other circumstances which should in the opinion of the maintenance court be taken into consideration. (3) At the conclusion of the enquiry referred to in subsection (2), the maintenance court may- (a) make such provisional order as the maintenance court may think fit relating to the payment of the costs involved in the carrying out of the scientific tests in question, including a provisional order directing the State to pay the whole or any part of such costs; or (b) make no order. (4) When the maintenance court subsequently makes any order under section 16, the maintenance court may- (a) make an order confirming the provisional order referred to in subsection (3) (a); or (b) set aside such provisional order or substitute therefor any order which the maintenance court may consider just relating to the payment of the costs involved in the carrying out of the scientific tests in question.

Costs of Scientific DNA Testing in Child Maintenance Matters

Looking at the aforementioned section, it does not say much about the evidentiary aspect of paternity testing. It basically deals with the costs thereof. However, what is clear is that the Maintenance Court considers issues of paternity disputes and deals with it. Nonetheless, the aforementioned provisions of the Children’s Act would apply to matters in the Maintenance Court. Next, we move on to the issue of whether or not a court can force a party to submit to a paternity test.

Forced or Compelled Paternity Tests

The two pieces of legislation referred to above does not assist us much with regard to the issue of a court forcing a parent to submit to a paternity test. We now need to consider the case law. In other words, what do the courts have to say about this? Most of the older court decisions, do not agree with forcing a parent to submit to a blood/paternity test. However, it seems that things have changed in the past decade. Let us refer to the judgment of LB v YD 2009 (5) SA 463 (T), a Transvaal Provincial Division matter handed down by Judge Murphy less than 10 years ago.

LB v YD 2009 (5) SA 463 (T).

One of the issues, in this case, was that the mother did not want to submit herself to a blood test. Her view, amongst other things, was that it was not in the child’s best interests. The father argued that it was his right to know whether or not he is the father of the child. He further argued that his right to the certainty of paternity outweighs any inconvenience that might be suffered by the mother and the child. With regard to the law, the Court stated the following: [18] The law on the topic of compulsory blood or DNA testing in parental disputes is not satisfactory. There is no legislation which specifically regulates the position in civil cases. Judicial pronouncements on the topic have not been unanimous in their approach to the issues and have differed on the proper legal basis for ordering tests. In relation to the child the courts have relied on their inherent jurisdiction as upper guardian, while in relation to the non-consenting adult some judges have invoked the inherent jurisdiction of a court to regulate its own procedures while others have refused to do so. In all cases the courts have been mindful of the need on the one hand to protect the privacy and bodily integrity of those to be subjected to tests, but on the other hand have asserted the court’s role to discover the truth whenever possible and to make use of scientific methods for that purpose. [23] In short, I agree with those judges and commentators who contend that as a general rule the more correct approach is that the discovery of truth should prevail over the idea that the rights of privacy and bodily integrity should be respected – see Kemp ‘Proof of Paternity: Consent or Compulsion’ (1986) 49 THRHR 271 at 279 – 81. I also take the position, and I will return to this more fully later, that it will most often be in the best interests of a child to have any doubts about true paternity resolved and put beyond doubt by the best available evidence.

[47] The present case is one in which a clearing of the air is called for. Both parties have at various times admitted and denied that the applicant is the biological father. The respondent was intimate with a second party, her husband, within the period of possible conception. The child is barely 1 year old and thus there is no established relationship that might be unduly disturbed or harmed by a determination of non-paternity. If the applicant is established to be the father, the child will benefit in time from knowing the truth and from the applicant’s commitment to her financial wellbeing. The possible stigma of a disputed paternity will also be removed. And, furthermore, legislative safeguards exist for the assignment and monitoring of appropriate parental rights and responsibilities to the applicant, should that prove permissible. I accordingly consider that it will be in the best interests of the child that paternity be scientifically determined and resolved at this early stage. [48] I agree that the order sought by the applicant is the one that should be granted. It is ordered as follows:

The respondent is ordered to submit herself and her minor child Y to DNA tests for the purpose of determining whether the applicant is the biological father of the child Y within 30 days of this order.
Prayers 2 and 3 of the notice of motion are postponed sine die.
The applicant is ordered to pay the costs of the tests referred to in D para 1 of this order.
The costs of this application are reserved.

The numbers in the square brackets denote the number of the paragraph you would find it in the judgment should you decide to make use of it. We agree with Judge Murphy. It is clear that the Courts can and should compel parents and children to submit to a blood test/DNA test when it is in the child’s best interests. Each case is different, and whereby a compelled blood test/DNA test would be warranted in one scenario, it may not be in the other. Nonetheless, with modern technology at our disposal, a simple paternity test is currently less intrusive than it was in the past.

Posted on 11 February 2025 by Telelaw

Attorneys, Advocates and Trust Account Advocates – Advocate Muhammad Abduroaf
Legal matters can indeed be intricate and often come with hefty financial implications. While courts do not impose fees for adjudicating cases, the legal representation required to navigate these complexities can be costly. It’s not uncommon for legal fees to surpass the monetary claim being pursued in court.
Engaging the Services of Attorneys and Advocate
When engaging the services of both an attorney and an advocate, clients may find themselves incurring even higher expenses. In cases involving complex legal issues, the involvement of an advocate is often essential, but this adds to the financial burden. In recent years, a new category of legal professional has emerged known as Trust Account Advocates. Traditionally, to enlist the services of an advocate, you would first need to engage an attorney who would then instruct the advocate on your behalf. This remains the most common arrangement, but there are notable exceptions in certain circumstances, which is where Trust Account Advocates become particularly beneficial.
What is a Trust Account Advocate?
A Trust Account Advocate functions similarly to a referral advocate but operates under different guidelines. A referral advocate typically only accepts briefs from attorneys, which means the flow of communication and instructions typically goes through the attorney before reaching the advocate. In this model, the advocate bills the attorney for their services, creating an additional layer in the client-advocate relationship. Conversely, a Trust Account Advocate can maintain a trust banking account. This allows clients to deposit funds directly into this account before any legal work begins. Additionally, Trust Account Advocates possess a fidelity fund certificate, ensuring that they are compliant with regulations and protecting clients’ interests. This structure empowers Trust Account Advocates to engage directly with members of the public, bypassing the need for an intermediary attorney, which is a limitation of referral advocates.
Advantages of Using a Trust Account Advocate
Cost Efficiency:
Perhaps the most significant benefit of working with a Trust Account Advocate is the potential to save on legal fees. By eliminating the need for both an advocate and an attorney, clients can reduce their overall legal expenses without sacrificing the quality of representation.
Direct Communication:
Clients working with Trust Account Advocates enjoy the advantage of direct communication. This direct line eliminates the possible delays and miscommunication that can arise when an attorney is the sole point of contact, allowing for more efficient case management and quicker responses.
Expertise in Specialized Areas:
Many Trust Account Advocates specialize in specific legal areas, allowing clients to access expertise tailored to their unique legal challenges. This targeted knowledge can be invaluable in effectively navigating complex legal matters.
Simplified Process:
Engaging directly with a Trust Account Advocate can streamline the legal process. This arrangement often leads to reduced administrative burdens and faster initiation of legal work, enabling clients to address their legal issues promptly.
Transparency in Billing:
With a Trust Account Advocate, clients typically have clearer visibility into fees and billing practices since payments are made directly to the advocate. This transparency can help avoid surprises down the line and foster trust between clients and their legal representatives. In conclusion, the rise of Trust Account Advocates offers a refreshing alternative in the legal landscape, providing clients with more options for representation while potentially saving on costs and enhancing the overall experience. By utilizing their services, clients can take advantage of direct access to legal expertise, fostering a more engaged and efficient legal process.

Posted on 11 February 2025 by Telelaw

Factors to consider when searching for child custody, divorce or child maintenance lawyers?
[caption id="attachment_8801" align="alignleft" width="260"] Child Custody Lawyer, Divorce Lawyer, Cape Town[/caption] Not all lawyers are the same. Just as not all doctors are the same. You won’t go to a medical doctor who is a foot specialist (podiatrist) if you have a skin problem. For that, you will see a Dermatologist. This you would do, even if the podiatrist knows a bit about skin illnesses and diseases and is, nonetheless, a medical doctor. The same principles apply to the law and to lawyers. Various lawyers specialise in various fields of law. Some know more, and some know less. You won’t meet with a property lawyer if you have been accused of medical malpractice; or would you? You get the point we are trying to bring across.

Factors to consider when enlisting legal service from a legal practitioner

There are Important factors to consider when employing, or enlisting the services of a lawyer (attorney, advocate, legal consultant, etc.) A few of these factors as follows:

Location of the lawyer

This is not always an issue as the advice can be provided via a video call or telephonically. If it comes to litigation, it may be an issue. If you live in Cape Town and the lawyer in Johannesburg, there would be additional traveling costs to consider.

The Cost or Fee of the Lawyer

Not all legal practitioners charge the same for their services. Depending on the years of experience of the lawyer, he or she would charge a higher or lower fee. The same applies to his or her expertise. If he or she is an expert in a certain field of law, the fee may be higher than a generalist attorney. Therefore, if you do not need expert advice, consult with an advocate or attorney with enough experience to be able to assist you. [caption id="attachment_8800" align="alignleft" width="269"] Advocate, Attorney, Consultant

Child Custody Lawyer, Divorce Lawyer, Cape Town[/caption]

Gender of the Attorney or Advocate

There is not much that can be said about this factor. Some people prefer one gender over the other. The bottom line is to be comfortable with the person you are consulting with. Many times, especially in litigation, you may see your lawyer a few times a month for up to two (2) years.

Availability of your lawyer

Some lawyers are extremely busy and in demand. Ensure that the lawyer you are making use of has the time to attend to your matter expeditiously.

Experience of the lawyer

There is no substitute for experience. If your matter is simple, then experience may not be a big issue. If your matter is complicated, more experience is required. Obviously, as outlined above, with experience, there comes a higher price tag.

The language which is spoken by the lawyer

It may be a good idea to make use of a lawyer who speaks your first language. If there is a language barrier, the lawyer may assume certain facts. The same applies to the client.

Don’t speak to me, speak to my lawyer

You often hear the phrase, “do not speak to me, speak to my lawyer.” This phrase although popular may only be useful in certain circumstances. Unless you have many lawyers at your disposal or one that knows it all an is an expert in all areas of law, it won’t always be a good referral. Chanting that phrase may not be a good idea.

Professional services come at a fee

Not everyone can afford the services of a lawyer (attorney or advocate). Legal practitioners are trained professionals, who would charge a fee for their time and services. The same as any professional or business would charge. Luckily the law does not force one to make use of an attorney or advocate when appearing in court or dealing with legal matters. You can represent yourself in a legal matter or conduct your own defense. But please, at no point do we say you should not seek legal advice or assistance. If you can afford it, or have access to it, obtaining sound legal advice and assistance in a matter is invaluable. Now let us move on to apply the aforementioned principles to sourcing a lawyer in relation to children matters. Here we are referring to matters regarding child custody, guardianship, maintenance and so on.

Matters regarding children

When it comes to matters regarding minor children, the same principles as above apply. Maybe more so, as children are represented by adults in litigation. Most of the time it’s their parents, and sometimes, their caregivers. Sound legal advice is therefore paramount. If you have access to or can afford the services of a lawyer, it is important that you make use of an experienced and knowledgeable family law practitioner. There are many subbranches of family law. For example, a divorce lawyer may not deal with issues regarding relocation or passport application consent. Some legal practitioners practice commercial law, criminal law, and others, property law. Although one can always learn the law, making use of a legal practitioner with limited experience in a family law matter could cost you your case.

Where to find a family law practitioner?

The internet is always a good place to start. Many law firms and consultancies have websites showcasing their experience and services. Sometimes you will hear of a law firm on the radio, or on social media. Word of mouth is also a good source. Notwithstanding where you find the details of a legal practitioner, you would like to find out if he or she is the right person for your case.

Questions to ask a lawyer at your first meeting

The most important thing to determine from your lawyer is whether not he or she is capable of handling the matter at hand. If the matter is simple, then an expert in litigation would not be appropriate. However, if your matter calls for a court of law to make a decision on the matter, then a legal practitioner who has sufficient experience in litigation would be appropriate. This would be especially so when dealing with an urgent child custody matter. Therefore, you need to ensure that the lawyer you are consulting with is the type of lawyer you will require.

Practical example on which lawyer to source

Let’s say you are involved in a custody dispute. You and the other parent of the child just separated. The other parent now decides to leave the country with a minor child without your consent. Let’s say, in this case, it is the mother. Only the mother’s name is on the birth certificate. She books the ticket for her and the child and tells the authorities she does not know who the father is. She is therefore set to leave the country the next day. The father hears about this and does not want the child to leave the Republic of South Africa. He has full parental responsibilities and rights as he was actively involved in the child’s life since her birth. In this case, an urgent court application should be made. Here an experienced attorney and advocate should be approached to stop the mother from leaving the country with the minor child. After the lawyers stopped the mother from leaving the country, a few days later, she applies for child maintenance. Both parents are salary earners, and the child’s’ expenses are basic. Under these circumstances, a reasonably experienced legal practitioner would be appropriate. They are many other factors to consider when employing the services of a lawyer. This would depend on the nature of your case. We are certain that you found the above article useful and interesting. Please consider sharing it on the share buttons below. They include Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, WhatsApp, Gmail and more. Someone may find it useful as well. Should you require business advice or services, feel free to click on these links: Business SA | Private Legal | Envirolaws

Posted on 11 February 2025 by Telelaw

Related Post

Do you require a video legal advice consultation?