Relocation consent for minor child to the Netherlands – Advocate Muhammad Abduroaf

Posted on 11 February 2025 by Telelaw

The role of antenuptial contracts in South Africa – What do you need to know before getting married?
When people are in love, they often want to spend the rest of their lives together. And one way of doing so is to get married. Usually, after they got married, they will start a family. However, there is one important aspect many people do not consider before getting married. And that is the propriety regime that would apply to their marriage. In other words, what belongs to who during the marriage and after the marriage should they divorce or one spouse passes away.
Marriages in community of property – The Standard Regime
In South Africa, the default matrimonial property regime is that of in community of property and profit and loss. What this means, is that whatever property the couple have during the marriage, they would share. This includes debt. Therefore, should a party receive a huge sum of money during the marriage, that money would belong to both the parties and form part of the joint estate. The same principle would apply should a party get into financial trouble. In such a case both the spouses or the joint estate would be responsible for that debt. If spouses are happy to share in each other’s wealth and liabilities during the marriage, then being married in community of property may be a good option. However, if this matrimonial property regime does not appeal to a couple before they get married, then a different matrimonial property regime should be looked at. Now let us move on to a marriage out of community of property.
Marriages out of community of property – with or without the accrual regime
Marriages out of community of property may take two faces. The first is out of community of property without the inclusion of the accrual regime. This is its purest form. The other would be a marriage out of community of property with the inclusion of the accrual regime. Before we explain the differences between the two, we need to explain to you what it is meant to be married out of community of property and profit and loss.
Marriage out of community of property
Being married out of community of property means that spouses during the marriage own their own assets and are solely responsible for any debt owed by either of them. This can be compared to a marriage in community of property where the opposite applies. Therefore, if the couple is married out of community of property, a spouse would not require the other spouse’s consent to incur a debt. A spouse would not be entitled to claim any monies belonging to the other spouse by virtue of being married. In short, if you are married out of community of property, you are solely responsible for your estate. As would be seen further below, to be married out of community of property you have to enter into an antenuptial contract.
What is the accrual regime?
As mentioned above, a marriage out of community of property could have the accrual regime apply to it or not. The aspect of accrual only comes into play should the parties divorce or one of them pass away. The parties would then share in half the difference between the two estates. This amount is referred to as the accrual. Therefore, by way of example, should one spouse pass away and the estate of the deceased has grown in the sum of R10 000 – 00, then the surviving spouse should receive half of that. The above example would apply if the surviving spouse’s estate has not grown at all. If it has grown, then they would share in half the difference of their respective growths.
Marriage out of community of property with the inclusion of the accrual regime
The accrual regime automatically applies to a marriage out of community of property, unless it is expressly excluded in an antenuptial contract. During the marriage, the same principles as above apply to a marriage out of community of property with the inclusion of the accrual regime.
Marriage out of community of property with the exclusion of the accrual regime
If the couple does not want the accrual regime to apply to their marriage out of community of property, they need to expressly stipulate it in the antenuptial contract. If they do not do so, then their marriage would automatically be out of community of property with the inclusion of the accrual regime.
Parties entering into an antenuptial contract before the marriage
As stated, if a couple wants to get married out of community of property with or without the inclusion of the accrual regime, they need to enter into an antenuptial contract. They would sign a document wherein they stipulate what matrimonial property regime would apply to the marriage. Other matters may be included in an antenuptial contract. For example, assets that should not be included in the calculation of the accrual. The antenuptial contract is signed before a notary public and it is registered at the Deeds Office. In that way, the public would know that you are married out of community of property.
What happens if I did not enter into an antenuptial contract and want to change it later?
Should a couple get married and later decide to change the matrimonial property regime, they may do so with the consent of the High Court. A court application would have to be made to the High Court explaining to the court why they wish to change the matrimonial property regime and also which property regime they now wish to apply to them.
Publication of Application to change the matrimonial property regime
Various other information would be included in the High Court Application which could entail details of various creditors of the spouses and their assets and liabilities and so on. Attached to the court documents would also be a draft postnuptial contract. The Application and the Court date would be published in the Government Gazette and one or two local newspapers for potential creditors to be informed about the pending Court Application.
Informing creditors of the change in the matrimonial property regime
Various creditors would also be notified of the application via registered mail. The application can be expensive because of the work and expenses involved. This cost includes attorney fees advocate fees, publication fees etc. It is therefore important to decide before the marriage whether or not the matrimonial property regime of community of property is the best regime for you before getting married. If it is not the best for you and your intended spouse, we advised that the enter into an antenuptial contract. This will not only save you money in the long run but also avoid a lot of complications in the future. Speak to us should you wish to enter into an antenuptial contract. Our antenuptial contract product may be purchased here. We are certain that you found the above article useful and interesting. Please consider sharing it on the share buttons below. They include Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, WhatsApp, Gmail and more. Someone may find it useful as well. Should you require business advice or services, feel free to click on these links: Business SA | Private Legal | Envirolaws

Posted on 11 February 2025 by Telelaw

Parental consent for a minor child’s enrolment into a school – What can you do if co-guardianship consent is refused?
Children have a right to a decent education—one which would benefit them in life. Every caring parent wants to give their child the best education possible according to their specific circumstances and station in life. Not all parents earn the same amount of money or have access the best type of education. However, most parents will do their best, which the law and society expect of all parents. In doing so, they ensure that their child has the best opportunities in life.
Parents co-operating in educating their minor children
It is vitally important for parents to co-operate when it comes to their minor child’s education. This relates to the enrollment into a school, the paying of school fees, transportation, parent involvement, homework, etc. If one parent does not wish to be involved in the child’s education, they should not hinder or obstruct the other parent from attending to the minor child’s education. For example, if the primary caregiver wants to enrol the minor child into a school, the other parent should co-operate in signing the necessary documents etc. It would be gravely unfortunate if a child’s right to a reasonable education is being prejudiced because the uninterested parent does not want to co-operate.

Parents not agreeing on the school the minor child should attend

Having dealt with the critical aspect of a minor child receiving a decent education and them co-operating; parents sometimes have conflicting views on what type of education is in the minor child’s best interests. Disputes may arise as to what school the minor child should attend or the subjects they should do. Parents being unable to agree on the essential aspects of the minor child’s education can cause severe problems for the minor child’s future. The law does not expect parents to agree on all aspects of the minor child’s education. However, the disagreement should not compromise the minor child’s education. If there is an impasse, a parent must give in. The law, therefore, expects parents to agree on those important issues regarding the minor child’s education and work together on making the minor child’s educational journey as smooth as possible.

Where do most educational disputes stem from?

Most parental disputes regarding a minor child’s education arise when the parents are separated or not living together. Here the reference is made to divorced parents or parents who were in a relationship and now separated. This is unfortunate as the minor child already has to deal with having parents living in separate homes and sharing time with each parent. It is not the minor child’s fault that his or her parents are not together or have issues. An issue may be where one parent prefers a school closer to their home and the other closer to their work. Or a parent prefers the minor child to attend a school which historically excelled in sport or academia.

Issue of affordability of education

Other considerations are that of affordability or the cost of education. One parent may not be able to afford the school fees of the current or new school. These are challenges that are not easy to resolve. When it comes to money issues, it is difficult to find solutions without looking into the parents’ pocket. This also comes with its own challenges. This is so as you would have to firstly deal with the issue of what is a better school for the minor child, and then the issue of affordability, location and so on. It is easy to determine which school is in theory better than the other by ticking off boxes. However, if school fees would not be paid, the exercise may be futile, when dealing with schools outside the affordability bracket of the parents.

When does the issue of a change in schooling arise?

Most of the minor child’s educational disputes between the parents comes to play when the child has to enrol into a new school. Usually in grade R or grade 7. If the child is attending a school, parents would usually not bring up any issues until those grades have been completed (or are soon to be completed). As a primary care giver of your child, you would want to ensure that your child has a school ready to attend the following year. You would also want to ensure that the school is an ideal school, considering the fees, location, subjects they offer and so on. If you leave this issue of application and enrolment into schools too late, you may end up having to enrol your child into as school far from your home or work. It may happen that the school your child ultimately attends do not have the curriculum you want for your child.

Parental consent for enrolment into a new school

Schools require both guardians of a minor child to enrol them into a school. This is especially so if the father’s name is on the birth certificate. If the parents are separated, and either parent is uncooperative, the child may not get accepted into a school timeously or into the best-suited school for him or her. If parents have their own personal issues between the two of them, then the situation becomes worse. One parent may try to use his or her right to consent as leverage for something else. For example, he or she will only consent if her or she does not have to pay any school fees.

What do you do if parental consent is not provided?

If there is a dispute regarding the school your child should attend, and it cannot be resolved between the parents; we suggest you try to mediate the issue with an experienced mediator or family counsellor. If that does not happen because the other parent does not want to partake, or the outcome is unsatisfactory to you, then you would have to approach the Court for assistance in resolving the matter. This is unfortunate as the child is the one who would suffer as he or she would be attending the school. The Court can make an order that only one parent’s consent is required for the enrolment of the minor child into a school.

What does the Court look at when deciding on parental consent?

As always, the court always looks at what is in the minor child’s best interest when it comes to issues surrounding him or her. Therefore, when it comes to parental consent issues in relation to education, the court would have to decide what is best for the minor child. Is it best that the minor child attend school A, or School B.? Before the court so decides, it would firstly hear from both parents. It may even ask the Office of the Family Advocate to first investigate and give their recommendations.

Court overriding the parents rights

If the court orders that School B would be best, then it would order that the parent who does not support School B should provide his or her consent, failing which, his or her consent is dispensed with. This process can take very long and can become very expensive. It would have been best if the parents used their money towards the minor child’s education. At the end of the day, litigation does not serve the minor child in the long run, especially when it comes to his or her education.

Posted on 11 February 2025 by Telelaw

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